ELECTRICITY AND DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS
ELECTRICITY. ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS. COMPONENTS
OPEN CIRCUITS AND CLOSED CIRCUITS. SHORT CIRCUITS
TYPES OF CIRCUITS: SERIES, PARALLEL AND SERIES-PARALLEL COMBINATION
COMPONENTS OF A CIRCUITS
CONVERTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY
ENERGY AND THE ENVIROMENT
Electricity is a form of energy that lets negatively charged particles (electrons) move from one atom to another. 
Electricity current is the flow of electrons from one atom to another inside a conductive material. 
Parallel circuits 
Series circuits 
The same current flows through all the load devices.
If one load device stops working, none of them will work because the circuit will be open. This happens when one of the load devices fails or is not connected to the circuit properly.
The lamps will not be very bright because the nergy supiled by the cell is shared among all three.
Even if one of the load devices stops working, the rest continue to work because the electric current takes another path (the circuit is closed by another path)
More electric current flows in te branch that offer the least resistance.
The lamps will shine very brightly because the energy from the cell reaches them directly.
The current doesn't flow equally through all the load devices; instead, it is shared by all the possible paths.
Enviromental impact of energy production and transmission
Responsible use of electrical energy
Use certain domestic appliances only when they are full.
Switch off electronic equipment.
Consume less energy.
Replace incandecent bulbs with low energy bulbs.
The use of renewable energies is being promoted as a green alternative to conventional power stations
An electric circuit is a series of interconnected components that an electric current flow through to produce an effect (like light, heat, sound or motion).
Load devices 
Conductors 
Control devices 
Power sources 
Closed circuit
Open circuit
When the energy of the power source reaches the load devices, so the electric. 
When the energy of the power source cannot reach the load devices, so the electric current cannot flow. This can happen if the switch is open, but it can also be because of a fault in the circuit. 
Conductors 
Load Devices 
Control Devices 
Power Sources 
Battery: A grouped set of cells.
Cell: Supplies electrical energy to the rest of the circuit.
Buzzer: Converts energy to sound energy.
Motor: Converts electrical energy to kinetic energy.
Lamp: Converts electrical energy to light energy.
Resistor: A load device that opposes the flow of the electric current. Converts electrical energy to heat energy.
Wire: The component that the electric current flows through.
Two-way switch: Have two positions. When we press them, they change from one position to the other.
Push switch: They open and close the circuit but only while the buttonis pushed
One-way switch: They open or close the circuit when they are pressed.
Heat: When electrons move through a conductor or load device, they create friction with the material as they pass through, which producs heat. This effect is known as the Joule effect.
Motion: We can also convert electricity to motion using a motor. The effect obtained when we make an electric current flow through a motor is that its shaft turns in a rotary motion.
Light: We can convert electricity to light through load devices such as incandescent lamps, fluorescent tubes and electronic or low-energy lamps.
Sound: We can electrical energy to transmit sounds through microphones and we can produces sound effects through sirens, buzzers and bells.
Materials that let electric current flow through them are called conductors. Materials that don't let electric current flow through them are called insulators.
Wires are made from copper but have a plastic casing to protect us from the electric current and ensure that it is not diverted.
Regulate the circuit.
Receive the electrical energy.
Transport the electrical energy.
Supply the necessary electrical energy.