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lymphatic/immune system Matillda Garcia P.2 - Coggle Diagram
lymphatic/immune system Matillda Garcia P.2
Major functions
lymphatic system
considered a second circulatory system
has vessels that collect carry away excess tissue fluid
contains lymphocytes which helps defend body against disease
immune system
protects body against invaders that cause infection, disease and illness
has innate defense and adaptive defense
location of lymphatic organs and functions
lymph nodes
located in groups or chains along lymphatic vessels
there is the filter lymph which removes bacteria and cellular debris before lymph returns to the blood
immune surveillance: lymphocytes and macrophages monitor the body fluids
Thymus
located at the center of the chest right above the heart
created white blood cells that fight infection
spleen
lies in the upper left abdominal cavity
filters blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria
purpose and ex. of first, second, and third line of defense
first line of defense
mechanical barriers are the first line of defense
examples of mechanical barriers are skin and mucous membrane
prevents the entry of certain pathogens by providing physical separation of pathogens and internal tissues
second line of defense
inflammation
stops the spread of pathogens and infection
signs are swelling, redness, heat and pain
chemical barriers
chemicals that kill pathogens
lysozyme
sweat
stomach acid
natural killer cells
small groups of lymphocytes other than T and B cells
defends body against cancer and virus infected cells
secretes cytolytic substances (preforins)
phagocytosis
the engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particles and debris
examples: neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages
third line of defense
adaptive defenses
performed my lymphocytes and macrophages that remember specific foreign molecules on particular pathogen
bodys response against specific pathogens, their toxins or metabolic product
innate and adaptive immune defenses
Innate defense
a non specific defense
guards against several pathogens
responds quickly
has species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis and fever
mechanism of defense against pathogens
adaptive defense
responds against specific type of pathogen ONLY
slow response
accomplishes by specialized lymphocytes
secretes cytokines or antibodies
mechanism of defense against pathogens
humoral and cellular response
humoral
antibodies travel through the body fluid
antibodies attack and destroy antigens
has steps of humoral immunity activation
antigen-bearing agent enters tissue
B cell encounters an antigen that fits its antigen receptors
Helper T cells activate B cells and the B cell proliferates, enlarging its clone
newly formed B cells differentiate further to become plasma cells
plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibodies and the molecular structure is similar to the activated B cells antigen receptors
cellular
response made through cell to cell contact
activated T cells directly interact with antigen-bearing cells
has steps of cellular immunity activation
antigen-bearing agent enters tissue
an accessory cell (macrophages, phagocytes, the antigen bearing agent, and the macrophages lysosmes) digest the agent
antigens from the digested antigen-bearing agents are displayed on the membrane of accessory cell
helper T cell is activated when it encounters the displayed antigen that fits its antigen receptors
Helper T cell release cytokines when encountering B cell that was combined with identical antigen-bearing agent
cytokines stimulate B cell to proliferate
some of the newly formed B cells give rise to cells that differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells
antigens and antibodies
antigens
causes immune system to produce antibdies
foreign substance entering the body
can be a substance from the environment
examples. chemicals, bacteria, viruses or pollen
antibodies
also called immunoglobulin
protective protein made by the immune system
is produced due to antigens entering the body
recognize and attach itself to the antigen to destroy it
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
artificial
an intentional exposure
exposure is by vaccine
gives a long and active immune response
Naturally
exposure to a disease or an infection from the outside world
creates an immune response