Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Concept Map: 10 Immune System/Leslie Vieyra Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Concept Map: 10 Immune System/Leslie Vieyra Period 2
major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune Systems:
functions of the Lymphatic system (A second circulatory system)
lymphatic vessels function: collects and carries away excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces which eventually returns to the blood
lymph nodes: contains lymphocytes that helps defend the body against diseases
immune system
fights against infection
has 3 types of immunity: innate, adaptive, passive
protects body from outside invaders
Location of encapsulated lymphatic organs and their functions:
lymph nodes:
location:they occur in chains along the parts of the larger lymphatic vessels
-major areas of concentration of lymph nodes: cervical, thoracic, axillary, supratrochlear, abdominal, pelvic, and inguinal regions
they are not found in the central nervous system
thymus:
it shrinks in size during lifetime and starts off as large in children and small in adult
function: makes white blood cells that are called T lymphocytes (T Cells)
location: located in the chest and between the lungs, it just in front of, and above, the heart
spleen: (largest lymphatic organ in the body and is similar to a large lymph node)
location: lies in the upper left abdominal cavity
function: filters the blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria
purpose and examples of first, second, and third line of defense:
first line of defense:
alike skin, tears, mucus, and breast milk
keeps pathogens encapsulated to prevent further passage
second life of defense:
includes macrophages and monocytes
destroys all pathogens that come into close contact
nonspecific attacks towards entering pathogens
third line of defense:
involves the production of T and B cells
specific attacks upon certain pathogens which can either be an adaptive or acquired immune response
would include the activations of cellular and humoral immune responses
innate (natural) immune defenses and Adaptive (acquired) immune defenses
innate immune (non specific)defenses: guards against many types of pathogens; respond quickly
species resistance
species is resistant to diseases that affect other species
resistance is based on different factors such as different chemical environments, body temp, the presence or absence of receptors for a particular type of pathogen
mechanical barriers
mechanical barriers: prevent the entry of certain pathogens by providing a physical separation of pathogens and internal tissues
examples would include the unbroken skin amd mucous membranes of the body
includes hair, mucus, and sweat
mechanical barriers represents the first line of defense
inflammation: a tissue response to injury or infection
function: The function of inflammation is to stop the spread of pathogens and infection
inflammation is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain
major events of inflammation
dilation of blood vessels , to increase body volume (effects:causes redness)
increases capillary permeability, which leads to edema and heat
blood clotting and fibrin thread formation
fibroblasts secrete chemicals that produce a sac around the area to wall off the infection; this inhibits the spread of infection
chemical barriers: chemicals that kill many pathogens
acidic environment provided by HCI in gastric juice is lethal to some pathogens
contains enzymes such as pepsin in the stomach and lysozyme in tears; destroying many pathogens
interferons: hormone like peptides secreted by lymphocytes and fibroblasts when viruses or tumor or cells; block viral replication and slow tumor growth
natural killer cells: small group of lymphocytes, other than T and B cells
function:defends the body against viruses and cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances called perforins, which break apart the cell membranes of pathogens
secrete substances that enhance inflammation
phagocytosis: engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, and debris
types: most active phagocytes are neutrophils and monocytes which leave blood stream in the areas of injury
neutrophils: engulf smaller particles
monocytes: attack larger particles, they also give rise to macrophages outside the blood, which are either free or become fixed in various tissues
adaptive (specific) defenses: respond against only a specific type of pathogen; respond more slowly
third line of defense against pathogens
response by the body against specific pathogens , their toxins or metabolic product
includes cellular immune response and humoral immune response
humoral response and cellular response
humoral response :The immune response involving the transformation of B cells into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies to a specific antigen.
cellular response:a protective immune process that involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-sensitized cytotoxic T cells and the release of cytokines and chemokines in response to antigen.
antigens and antibodies
anitgens: any large molecules that can trigger an immune response
can be any large molecules that can trigger an immune response, examples: proteins, foods, chemicals, etc
before birth , the body makes an inventory of ¨self antigens¨
immune response is directed against "nonself" molecules , which are usually large and complex foreign molecules
antibodies
antibodies are produced by B cells that contain information to destroy certain pathogen/antigens that are present in the body
antibodies reactions to antigens
direct attack
by agglutination, precipitation, or neutralization of antigens; these methods make antigens more susceptible to phagocytosis
activation of complement
results in opsonization, chemotaxis, inflammation, agglutination, neutralization, alteration, or lysis of antigens or antigen-bearing cells
inflammation:
stimulation of local inflammatory changes in the area, that helps prevents the spread of pathogens
types of antibodies
igG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
artificial vs Naturally acquired immunity
naturally acquired immunity:
occurs through an exposure to antigens or a passing of immunity from mother to child/ fetus
artificial acquired immunity
occurs through vaccines that don't cause effects of illness or injection that contains globulin (antibodies/antigens)
disorders associated with the immune system
autoimmunity
disorders
may result from viral infection, faulty T c ell development, or reaction to a nonself antigen
-antibodies damage proper tissue
immune system manufactures antibodies called auto-antibodies, and cytotoxic T calls, against some of own antigens
examples: In type 1 (Insulin-dependent) Diabetes Mellitus, beta cells of pancreas, which produce insulin, and are destroyed by autoantibodies.
passive vs active immunity
active
obtained through antigen exposure; immune response occurs in person
naturally acquired active immunityL
types of active immunity
naturally acquired active immunity: occurs after exposure to antigens and is long term resistance
artificially acquired active immunity: occurs through the use of vaccines without the illness effect
passive
obtained by receiving antibodies; since no antigen contact/immune response
types of passive immunities
naturally acquired passive immunity: short term immunity; lack of immune responses and memory B cell formation
artificially acquired passive immunity: involves injection of gamma globulins (antibodies/antiserum)
cells involved in the immune system and their functions
B cells: function in providing humoral response, where b-cells interact indirectly producing antibodies that destroy antigens
phagocytosis
neutrophils: engulf smaller particles
monocytes: engulf larger particles that are found
natural killer cells: function in defending the body against viruses and cancer cells; as well as secreting substances causing inflammation
T cells: function to provide cellular immune system, and interact directly with antigens or antigen bearing agents
types
helper T cells: they stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against displayed antigems
cytotoxic T cells: monitor bodies cells and eliminate cancer cells as well as virus infected cells
memory T cells: serves as quick response to future exposure of antigens and divides into many cytotoxic T cells for a lifetime use