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Crime and Deviance - Coggle Diagram
Crime and Deviance
Funtionalism
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Social Solidarity - The social ties that bind a group of people together E.g., Kinship shared location, religion
Meritocracy - The belief that a persons success depends primarily on merit (effort, talents, abilities). Everyone has the possibility to be socially mobile.
Durkheim - Role allocation: within a class based society, some are able to achieve more than others --> seen as useful because all of societies roles get filled (high and low)
Crime is Functional
Social Cohesion - Peoples behaviour is governed by POSITIVE & NEGATIVE sanctions. Those that commit crime are punished --> reminds society of what is 'right' and 'wrong'.
Safety Valve - Davis argued that prostitution acts as a safety value, allowing some to seek sexual variety without compromising their marriages. Another example would be marijuana
Warning Device - Clinard talks about how some forms of deviance are useful without being desirable. this is because they draw attention to deflects in society that needs to be addressed.
Boundary Testing - Durkheim argued that deviance helps society to evolve; to review the way it does things and to learn from deviance and mistakes. Deviance leads the way to progress. E.g., Euthanasia
Why crime occurs
Anomie - Those that experience inequality experience ANOMIE (normlessness) --> they turn to crime / deviance to gain the things that they have been prevented from achieving
Matza - Deviants are no different to 'normal' people who respect value consensus within society --> sometimes people will 'drift' out of society's value consensus but will ultimately drift back in (suggesting they agree with the value consensus deep down)
Interactionism
Becker - Labelling Theory: 'Criminal' label can become MASTER STATUS (Overriding other status E.g., neighbour or friend) --> Leads to self-Fulfilling prophecy
Stages of Labelling theory
- Individual publicly labelled.
- Label encourages further deviance
- Official sanctions may lead to further deviance
- Deviant career is developed when individuals join organised deviant group
- Within the group a deviant subculture develops
Lemert - Primary Deviance: Deviant acts that have NOT been publicly labelled
Secondary Deviance: Deviant acts that HAVE been labelled; further deviance generated by labelling
Cicourel - Police prone to judging people and the labels affect official rates of offences. Police focus on working class areas. Middle class find it easier to navigate out of trouble.
Lemert - Stuttering:
Primary deviance --> stuttering
Secondary deviance --> Stuttering --> Labelling --> increased deviance