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Lymphatic/Immune System: Gabriela Orellana P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System:
Gabriela Orellana
P.5
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune System:
Lymphatic System:
Lymphatic system is the network of vessels that the lymph drains back to the blood
A component of the immune system
Includes: Lymph, Lymph Nodes, Lymph vessels
Includes organs: Thymus, Spleen, Tonsils, etc.
Immune system:
Immune system is the organs and reactions of the body that prove resistance to infections and toxins.
Defends the body against pathogens
Known as a Functional System
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions:
Spleen:
Location: Under rib cage
Function: Filters blood to replace with fresh red blood cells made in the bone marrow.
Thymus Gland:
Location: Under breast bone, above the area of the heart
Function: Produces white blood cells
Tonsils & Adenoids:
Location: In mouth
Function: Protectors to the digestive system and lungs
Lymph Nodes:
Location: Axillary, neck, groin
Function: Filter Lymph, destroy bacteria and produce antibodies
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense:
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms:
First line of defense:
Purpose:
Be prepared to defend the body from infection
Skin
Mucous membranes
Secretions of skin and mucous membranes
Second line of defense:
Purpose:
Acts when the first line of defense has failed, acts against antigens
Phagocytic white blood cells
Antimicrobial proteins
The inflammatory response
Fever
Specific Defense Mechanisms:
Third line of defense:
Purpose:
Targets and attacks invaders that get past the first two lines of defense
Lymphocytes
Antibodies
Innate (natural) immune defenses and Adaptive (acquired) immune defenses:
Innate (natural) immune defenses:
A naturally occurring immunity
Creates a non-specific immune response
Always present in the body
Creates a rapid response
Components: Plasma proteins, phagocytes, physical and chemical barriers
Does not create memory cells
Barriers: Temperature, pH, skin, and mucous memebranes
Examples: Redness and swelling caused by white blood cells around the wound
Adaptive (acquired) immune defenses:
An acquired immunity, mediated by T cells and B cells
Creates a specific immune response
Created in response to exposure to an external factor
Delayed 5-6 days
Components: Humeral and cell mediated immunity
Barriers: Lymph nodes, Spleen, and Lymphoid tissues
Creates memory cells
Examples: Vaccination against a virus
Humoral response and cellular response:
Cellular immune response:
Response through cell-to-cell contact, as activated T cells interact directly with antigen bearing cells
Mediated by T cells
Mediated by helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells and macrophages
Acts on intracellular microbes such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites and tumor cells
Acts on tumor cells and transplants
Humoral immune response:
Antibodies travel through the body fluids to attack and destroy antigens
Mediated by B cells
Mediated by T cells, B cells and macrophages
Acts on extracellular microbes and their toxins
Does not act on the tumor cells and transplants
Antigens and antibodies:
Antigens:
Any large molecules that can trigger an immune response
Examples: Proteins, Carbohydrates, lipids or nucleic acids
Causes Diseases or allergic reactions
Four types: Exogenous antigens, Endogenous antigens, Autoantigens and Neoantigens
Antibodies:
A blood protein that is produced against a specific antigen
Examples: Glycoproteins
Protects the body from antigens either by immobilizing the antigen or lysing the pathogen
Four types: IgM, IgG, IgE, IgD, and IgA
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity:
Naturally Acquired active immunity:
Mechanism:
Exposure to live pathogens
Result:
Stimulation of an immune response with symptoms of a disease
Artificially Acquired active immunity:
Mechanism:
Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components
Result:
Stimulation of an immune response without the severe symptoms of a disease
Naturally Acquired passive immunity:
Mechanism:
Antibodies passed to fetus from pregnant woman with active immunity or to newborn through colostrum or breast milk from a woman with active immunity
Result:
Short-term immunity for a newborn without stimulating an immune response
Artificially acquired passive immunity:
Mechanism:
Injection of antiserum or gamma globulins
Result:
short-term immunity without stimulating an immune response
Passive vs. Active immunity:
Active Immunity:
A long-lasting immunity which is obtained through antigen exposure. An immune response occurs in the person, in which antibodies and memory B cells are produced.
Passive Immunity:
A short-term immunity which is obtained by receiving antibodies. There is no antigen contact and no immune response occurs, no memory B cells are produced.
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions:
Helper T Cells:
Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the displayed antigen
Cytotoxic T Cells:
Monitor the body's cells, recognizing and eliminating cancer cells and virus-infected cells
Memory T Cells:
provide a quick response to any future exposure to the same antigen, divide to produce a large number of cytotoxic T cells
Disorders associated with the Immune system:
-Autoantibodies damage the body's own tissue
-Autoimmune disorders may result from viral infection, faulty T cell development, or reaction to a nonself antigen that closely resembles a self antigen
Example:
In Type I (insulin-dependent) Diabetes mellitus, beta cells of pancreas, which produce insulin, are destroyed by autoantibodies