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The Cell Cycle - Coggle Diagram
The Cell Cycle
DNA replication
- helicase breaks DNA apart
- free nucleotides attach to DNA using base-pairing rules
- half of original DNA is kept
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Mutations
Substitution: A base is switched with another base. This can alter the entire sequence if the base switched is part of the start or end codon, but otherwise it just affects one codon.
Deletion: A base is removed or deleted. This alters there entire sequence. (more dangerous than substitution)
Insertion: This is when a base is inserted into a sequence. This also alters the whole sequence and is more dangerous than substitution.
Proto-oncogenes: - promote cell growth, are usually acquired, are dominant, work like accelerators
Tumor suppressor genes: - controls the processes of cell growth and cell death, is usually acquired but can be inherited, is recessive, works like brakes
Interphase
G0 phase: The cell rests in this phase and some cells stay here forever while other enter the cell cycle.
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Mitosis
Prophase:
- chromosomes, made of 2 identical sister chromatids, condense and are visible under the microscope
- Microtubule spindle fibers form as paired centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
- nuclear membrane breaks down and the nucleus dissolves
Metaphase:
- microtubule spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each chromosome
- Microtubule depolymerisation causes spindle fibres to shorten in length and contract
- this causes chromosomes to align along the center of the cell
Anaphase:
- sister chromatids separate
- identical chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
Telophase/Cytokinesis:
- spindle fibers dissolve and chromosomes decondense
- nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes
- cytokinesis splits the cytoplasm in half, completing the cell division