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Unit 10: Lymphatic/Immune System Lauren Palla, Period 6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Neutrophils
      - Basophils
      - Eosinophils
      - Macrophages
      - Dendritic Cells
      - Natural Killer Cells
  - - - Dendritic Cells- enters lymphatics to present antigens @ lymph node
      - Macrophages- presents antigens to activate T cells and trigger powerful inflammatory response
      - B Lymphocytes- present antigens to helper T cells to assist their own activation
    - - T Lymphocyte
      - B Lymphocyte
- - - - Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- cripples immune system by interfering w/ activity of helper T cells
        
        Transmitted via body fluids: blood, semen. vaginal secretion
        
        Can enter body via: blood transfusions, blood-contaminated needles, sexual intercourse/oral sex, mother to fetus
        
        Symptoms: severe weight loss. night sweats, swollen lymph nodes
        
        No cure
  - - - Treatment:
        
        Suppresses entire immune system
        
        Anti-inflammatory drugs (ex. corticosteroids)
        
        Blocking cytokine action/ co-stimulatory molecules
        
        Research
        
        Activating TReg cells
        
        Inducing self-tolerance w/ vaccine
        
        Directing antibodies against self-reactive immune cells
      - Examples:
        
        Rheumatoid Arthritis- destroys joints
        
        Myasthenia Gravis- impairs nerve-muscle connections
        
        Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus- destroys pancreatic cells
        
        Multi. Sclerosis- destroys white matter myelin (destroys myelin @ nerves)
        
        Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- affects multiple organs
        
        Grave's Disease- causes hyperthyroidism (thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine)
        
        Glomerulonephritis- damages kidneys
  - - - Activated IgE against antigen binds to mass cells and basophils
      - Later encounter w/ same allergen -> flood of histamine release -> induced inflammatory response
      - Systemic response = anaphylactic shock (thinks body is under attack)
        
        Usually seen w/ injected allergens
        
        Bronchioles constrict -> hard to breathe
        
        Vasodialation -> low blood vol. -> circulatory collapse
        
        Treatment: epinephrine
      - Histamine leads to vasodialation and leakiness of vessels -> runny nose, hives, watery eyes
- - - - Cleanses blood and removed aged/defective RBCs
      - Site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
      - Stores platelets, monocytes, and iron
    - - Cleanses lymph (the fluid that flows through the lymphatic system)
      - Site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
- - - - Natural Killer Cells- kill cancer and virus-infected cells before adaptive immune system is activated
      - Antimicrobial Proteins
      - Phagocytes- WBCs that ingest and digest foreign invaders
      - Fever
      - Inflammatory Responses- triggered whenever body tissues are injured
        
        Benefits:
        
        Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
        
        Alerts adaptive immune system
        
        Prevents spread of damaging agents
        
        Sets stage fir repair
        
        Cardinal Signs:
        
        Redness
        
        Heat
        
        Pain
        
        Swelling
        
        Stages:
        
        Inflammatory Chem. Release- chemicals are released into ECF by injured tissues/immune cells; causes vasodialation and capillaries to become leaky
        
        Vasodilation and Increased Vascular Permeability- vasodilation @ local arterioles
        
        Phagocyte Mobilization- neutrophils flood area first; macrophages follow; if inflammation is due to pathogens, then complement is activated
    - - Surface Barriers:
        
        Skin
        
        Mucous membranes
        
        Mucus-coated hairs @ nose trap inhaled particles
        
        Cilia sweep dust and bacteria-laden mucus towards mouth
      - Chemical Barriers:
        
        Acid- ecidity of skin and some mucous membranes produce protective chemicals that inhibit/destroy microorganisms
        
        Enzymes- lysozymes of saliva, respiratory mucus, enzymes @ stomach, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms
        
        Mucin- sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract that traps microorganisms
  - - - Characteristics:
        
        Systemic- not restricted to initial site
        
        Memory- mounts an even stronger attack to "known" antigens
        
        Specific- recognizes and targets specific antigens
      - 2 main branches:
        
        Humoral- antibodies circulate freely in body fluids and bind temporarily to target cell (marks for destruction)
        
        Cellular- lymphocytes act against large cells by killing them directly, by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response, or by activating other lymphocytes/macrophages
- - - - Can be complete or hapten (incomplete)
      - Contains antigenic determinants
      - Can be a self-antigen
        
        Self-antigen- covered w/ a variety of proteins located on the surface that are not antigenic to self; helps the body recognize the cell as yours
  - - - Neutralization- antibodies block sites on viruses; prevent antigens from binding to receptors
      - Aggulination- allows antigen-antibody complexes to cross-link into clumps
      - Precipitation- soluble molecules are cross-linked into precipated complexes (easier to engulf)
      - Complement Fixation- main antibody defense against cellular antigens (ex. bacteria, mismatched RBCs)
- - - - Plasma Cells- creates antibodies that circulate in blood/lymph, later binding to free antigens and marking them for destruction
      - Memory Cells- provides immunological memory and immediate response to future exposures of same antigen
        
        Primary Immune Response- cell proliferation and differentiation upon exposure to antigen for 1st time
        
        Secondary Immune Response- re-exposure to same antigen gives faster, more prolonged and effective response
  - - - 1) Antigen Binding- TCRs bind to antigen-MHC complex, activating T cells
      - 2) Co-stimulation- complete T cell activation requires T cell to also bind to 1+ co-stimulatory signals @ surface of antigen presenting cell
    - - CD4 Cells- become helper T cells that activate B cells, macrophages, and other T cells; also becomes regulatory T cells that moderate the immune system
      - CD8 Cells- become cytotoxic T cells that are capable of destroying cells harboring foreign antigens
    - - Stimulates B cell to divide more rapidly (begins antibody formation)
      - Causes dendrtitic cells to express co-stimulatory molecules required for CD8 cell activation
      - Amplifies responses of innate immune system
      - Activates macrophages and lymphocytes
      - Directly kills and attacks other cells
      - Prevents autoimmune reactions (immune system attacks body itself)
    - - Cytokines- chemical messengers of the immune system; mediate cell development, differentiation, and responses
        
        IL-1- released by macrophages and stimulates T cells to release IL-2
        
        IL-2- encourages activated T cells to divide more rapidly
        
        Gamma Interferon- enhances killing power of macrophages