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History: surgery and anatomy ~ Middle ages and Renaissance - Coggle Diagram
History: surgery and anatomy ~ Middle ages and Renaissance
Key people: Middle Ages
John of Ardene
wrote a surgical manual based on Greek and Arab knowledge and his experience in the 100 years war
Specialised in anal abscesses - common at the time
Famous surgeon who set up the 'Guild of Surgeons'
Hugh of Lucca and his son Theodoric
used wine on wounds to stop infection
were not popular as they were challenging galen and Hippocrates
Said that the pus was bad in the wound
Abulcasis
Made cauterisations popular
A Muslim Surgeon - wrote a 30 volume medical book
invented 26 new surgical instruments and new procedures (ligatures)
Types of surgery: Middle Ages
amputation
Treppaning
bloodletting
Cauterisation
Mainly external surgery
Anaesthetics
Believed pus was good in the wound (Galen)
antiseptics
No pain killers
Types of surgery: Renaissance
Anaesthetics: Yes- opium and alcohol, but pain huge problem
Antiseptics: Limited e.g. herbs e.g. Garlic and thyme, turpentine but infection huge problem. blood loss huge problem
Specialist Surgeons: Barber surgeons and Army surgeons
Important Factors
RELIGION: Hindered, no dissection and promoted Galen's work
COMMUNICATION: Books of Galen widely taught
WAR: 100 years war between Britain and France
KEY PEOPLE: Galen, Ibn Nafis, Hugh and Theodoric, John of Ardene
Key people: Renaissance
Ambroise Pare: wrote 'works on surgery' 1575. Runs out of oil on battlefield, uses old roman recipe make ointment - egg white, rose oil and turpentine (tree resin)
Andreas Vesalius: taught anatomy at Padua and did own dissections which were then published (stole bodies of criminals). 1538 - 'Tabulae sex' Six large sheets of anatomical drawings, starting to see problems of Galen's work. At this stage not ready to publicly criticise. 1543 - 'The fabric of the Human Body' detailed descriptions and diagrams of the body
William Harvey - Doctor and then lecturer in anatomy. experimented on animals to work out how blood circulated.
dissected human bodies and live, cold blooded animals to see muscle movement
tried to pump liquid past valves in veins and couldn't
tried to push rods down veins, proved blood flowed in one way system
HEART IS A PUMP AND BLOOD FLOWS AROUND THE BODY
John Hunter: wrote down his experiments ~ self experiments ( syphilis/ gonorrhoea) ~ aneurysm , - cut off blood supply not amputate