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Immune System P.6 Rov Loren Aniceto - Coggle Diagram
Immune System P.6
Rov Loren Aniceto
Cells involved in immune system & their functions
Monocyte
Morph into macrophages and attacks pathogens
Complement
system of plasma proteins that activates b cell, mast cell, and macrophages while attacking pathogens
Eosinophil
activated form antibody and activates neutrophil and basophil which attacks parasitic worms
Antibodies
produced by plasma cell, b cell, and memory b cell and it attacks the antigens
Mast Cell
activated by complement, basophil, mast cell, and antibodies and fight off parasitic worms
B cell
morphed from its virgin form, it is activated first from helper t cell and complement its functions to produce antibodies and turn into plasma cells
Plasma cell
Morphed form of B Cell and provides antibodies and activates the Helper T cell
Memory Helper T cell
Morphed from a helper T cell and remembered next time its needed
Virgin Helper T cell
activated and communicated from the dendritic cell to morph into a helper T cell
Killer T cell
morphed from its virgin form and kills cells that are infected as they are communicated
Helper T cells
morphed from its virgin form, communicates new target to the killer T cell, activates virgin T cell
Virgin B cells
Formed from the bone marrow morphed into the B cell for further action
Memory Killer T cells
Memory cells that are morphed in preparation
Infected cells
Foreign and cells that are Bacteriol
Memory B cells
Morphed form so it is remembered next time
Long lived plasma cell
Morph form of plasma cell
Pathogens
the infection and bacteria that is attacked by antibodies and second line of defense
Neutrophil
first line of defense that attacks pathogens, activates macrophages, and communicates with macrophage, complement cell, dendritic cell
Macrophages
activates neutrophil and communicates with teh complement to fight foreign invaders
Dendritic cell
activates the virgin T cell and helper cell and communicate with helper t cell to produce more cells
Natural Killer Cell
communicated from the helper T cells and the macrophages and works to attack infected cells
Basophil
activate mast cell and works along w/ eosinophil to attack parasitic worms
Major Functions of Lymphatic & Immune System
network of vessels and nodes transports and filters lymph fluid containing antibodies and lymphocytes
Lymphatic (1st line of defense against disease)
second line of defense consists of inner system working with each other to fend off disease
Protect body from harmful substances by organs, cells, and substances
Antigens & Antibodies
Antibodies
Antigen-antibody don't destroy antigens; prepare them for destruction by innate defenses
Classes
IgM
pentamer
secreted by plasma cels and readily activates complement
IgA
dimer
found in body secretions, and helps stop pathogens from attaching to epithelial cells
IgD
monomer
b cell antigen receptor
IgG
monomer
readily activates complement
IgE
monomer
Antibodies go after extracellular pathogens; they don't invade solid tissue unless lesion is present
Overall T- or Y- shaped antibody monomer consists of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds
Target and Functions
Agglutination
Allows for antigen-antibody complexes to become cross-linked into large lattice clumps
Precipitation
-Soluble molecules are cross-linked into complexes
-Complexes precipitate out of solution
-Precipitated complexes are complexes are easier for phagocytes to engulf
Neutralization
-Antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins
-Prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells
-Antigen-antibody complexes undergo phagocytosis
Complement fixation & activation
-Main antibody defense against cellular antigens(Bacteria, RBCs)
-Several antibodies are bound close together one same antigen, complement-binding sites, regions align
Antigens
Characteristics
can be a complete antigen or hapten
can be self-antigen
contain antigenic determinants
Antigen-presenting cells
Macrophages
widely distributed in CT & lymphoid organs
Present antigens to T cells, which not only activates T cell, further activates macrophages
B Lymphocytes
Do not activate naive T cells
Present antigens to helper T cell to assist activation
Dendritic Cells
Found in CT & Epidermis
Phagocytize pathogens that enter tissue, then enter lymphatics to present antigen to T cells in lymph node
Self Antigen
all cells are covered w/ a variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts
1st, 2nd, 3rd line of Defense
Adaptive(Specific)
3rd Line: Eliminate particular Foreign substance
(Take longer to react than innate)
Humoral(Antibody-mediated) contain B cells
Antibodies produced by lymphocytes circulate freely
Bind temporarily to target cell and marks them for destruction
B Cells are activated during encounter w/ antigen-> makes antibody for antigen
Triggers receptor-meditated endocytosis of cross-linked antigen receptor complexes(clonal selection)
Leads to duplication & differentiation of B cell into effector cells
Most cells become plasma cells, which are antibody secreting effector cells
Clone cells that do not become plasma cells become memory cells
Cellular(cell-mediated) contain T cells
T Cells can be activated only when antigen is presented directly to them
Proliferation:
-T cells that activate, enlarge, and proliferate in response to Cytokines
-Primary T cell responses peaks w/in a week
-Apoptosis occur between 7 & 30 days
-Memory T cells remain and mediate secondary response
Cytokines:
-Chemical messengers of immune system
-mediate cell differentiation, & responses in immune system
2 step process
Antigen Binding:
-T cell antigen receptors bind to antigen
-MHC complex on APC surface
-TCR must recognize both MHC & foreign antigen
-Binding of TCR->complex trigger pathways->start T cell activation
Co- Stimulation: Complete T cell Activation req. T cell to bind to one or more co-stimulatory signal on APC surface
2 populations
CD4 Cells(Helper T cells):
-Activated B cells, other T cells & macrophages
-Direct adaptive immune response
Some become regulatory T cells which moderate immune response
CD8 Cells(Cytotoxic T cells):
-capable of destroying cells harboring foreign antigens
Innate(Nonspecific): Stop attacks by pathogens
1st Line:External Body Defense
Mucin- sticky mucus lines digestive & respiratory tract
Enzymes- lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, & lacrimal fluid kills microorganisms
Acid- secretion inhibits growth
Respiratory system
mucus-coated hairs in nose trap particles
Surface Barriers are skin & mucosae membrane, w/ secretion
Keratin is resistant to weak acids, bacterial enzymes, & toxins
2nd Line: Cells/Chemicals
Phagocytes
Neutrophils: most abundant phagocytes, die fighting; become phagocytic to infections material
Macrophages- develop from monocytes & are chief phagocytic cells
Phagocytes- WBCs that ingest/digest foreign invaders
Fever
High body temp inhibit multiplication of microbes
Inflammation
Benefits:
-prevent spread of damaging agents
-dispose of cell debris & pathogens
-alerts adaptive immune system
-sets stage for repair
4 cardinal stages:
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Occurs when body tissue is injured
Stages:
inflammatory release
Vasodialtion & increased vascular permeability
Phagocytic Mobilization
Natural Killer Cells
Nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood & lymph
Attack cells that lack receptors and kill inducing apoptosis
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificial
Passive Humoral
Injection of serum, such as gammaglobulin(Temporary)
Active Humoral
Formed in response to vaccine of dead/attenuated pathogens
Naturally
Passive Humoral
Antibodies are delivered to fetus via placenta/milk
Active Humoral
Formed in response to actual bacteria or viral infection
Locations of Lymphatic organs & their functions
Red Bone Marrow
commonly in found in flat bones
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are created
Thymus
anterior to ascending aorta and posterior to sternum
makes WBCs called T Cell Lymphocytes
Spleen
cleanse blood and removes aged/defective RBCs
store platelets, iron, and monocytes
Tonsils
pair of soft tissue masses in back of throat
prevent germs and intrusion of bacteria into the body
Peyer's Patch
Clusters of subepithelial, lymphoid follicles w/in intestine
immune system recognizes & destroys pathogens
Appendix
lower right abdomen
Maturation of B Cell Lymphocytes
Passive vs. Active Immunity
Passive
Occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
Active
Occurs when B cell encounter antigens & produce specific antibodies
Disorders associated w/ Immune system
Granulomas
area of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages and outer capsules
Tuberculosis Bacilli
resist digestion by macrophages and remain alive inside
Pus
creamy mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue/cells, and living/dead pathogens