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Lymphatic/Immune System - Richard Nguyen P.6 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System - Richard Nguyen P.6
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems (include BOTH)
network of vessels and nodes transports and filters lymph fluid containing antibodies and lymphocytes (good) and bacteria
the second line of defense consist of our inner system working amongst each other to fend off
lymphatic (first line of defense against disease)
protects your body from harmful substances by various organs, cells, and proteins
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Tonsils
pair of soft tissue masses located at the rear of the throat
to solve germs and intrusion of bacteria into the body
Spleen
cleanses blood and removes aged or defective red blood cells
stores platelets, monocytes, and iron
Peyer's Patchs
clusters of subepithelial, lymphoid follicles found in the intestine.
immune system recognizes and destroys potential pathogens
Appendix
lower right abdomen
assisting with the maturation of B lymphocytes
Thymus
anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum
makes white blood cells called T lymphocytes
Red Bone Marrow
found mainly in the flat bones
red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells are created
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
First Line of Defense (Surface Barriers)
Surface barriers are skin and mucous membranes, along with their secretions
physical barrier to most microorganisms
mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers
Skin and mucous membranes produce protective chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganism
Respiratory system also has modifications to stop pathogens
mucus coated hairs in nose trap inhaled particles
cilia of upper respiratory tract sweep dust
Surface barriers breached by nicks or cuts trigger the internal second line of defense that protects deeper tissues
Second Line of Defense (Cells and Chemicals)
Phagocytes
white blood cells that ingest and digest foreign invaders
Neutrophils
become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
Macrophages
most robust phagocytic cell
Natural Killer Cells
kill by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and virus infected cells
Inflammation
triggered whenever body tissues are injured
SIGNS:
Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain
BENEFITS:
prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, alerts adaptive immune system
STAGES:
inflammatory chemical release, vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, phagocyte mobilization
INFLAMMATORY CHEMICAL RELEASE:
chemicals are released into ECF by injured tissues or immune cells
Fever
Systemic response initiated by pyrogens; high body temperature inhibits microbes from multiplying and enhances body repair processes
Third Line of Defense
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Adaptive Defense
SPECIFIC: recognizes and targets specific antigens
SYSTEMIC: not restricted to initial site
MEMORY: mounts an even stronger attack to known antigens (Second and subsequent exposures)
TWO MAIN BRANCHES
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
antibodies circulate freely in body fluids
bind temporarily to target cells
mark for destruction
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
lymphocytes act against target cell
Directly - by killing infected cells
Indirectly - by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
Innate Defense
Amplify responses of innate immune system
Activate macrophages, leading to more potent killers
mobilize lymphocytes and macrophages and attract other types of WBCs
Humoral response and cellular response
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
When B cell encounters target antigen, it provokes humoral immune response
antibodies specific for that particular antigen are then produced
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
Primary
cell proliferation and differentiation upon exposure to
antigen for the first time
SECONDARY
Re-exposure to same antigen gives faster, more prolonged, more effective response
CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE
T cells provide defense against intracellular antigens
Some T cells directly kill cells; others release chemicals that regulate immune response
T cells are more complex than B cells both in classification and function
Helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells are activated T cells
Antigens and antibodies
Antigen
substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
Characteristsics
can be a self antigen
contain antigentic determinants
can be a complete antigen or hapten
SELF ANTIGEN
all cells are covered with variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Do not respond to specific antigens
Play essential auxiliary roles in immunity
THREE TYPES
Dendritic CElls
Found in connective tissues and epidermis
Phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues, then enter lymphatics
to present antigens to T cells in lymph node
Macrophages
widely distributed in connective tissues and lymphoid organs
B Cells
Antiobodies
Classes
IgM
pentamer
secreted by plasma cells and and readily activates complement
IgA
dimer
found in body secretions, and helps stop pathogens from attaching to epithelial cells
IgD
monomer
b cell antigen receptor
IgG
monomer
readily activates complement
IgE
monomer
TARGETS & FUNCTIONS
Neutralization
Antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins
Agglutination
Allows for antigen-antibody complexes to become cross-linked into large lattice-like clumps
Precipitation
Soluble molecules (instead of cells) are cross-linked into complexes
Complement fixation
Main antibody defense against cellular antigens (bacteria, mismatched RBCs)
Antigen-antibody complexes do not destroy antigens; they prepare them for destruction by innate defenses
Antibodies go after extracellular pathogens; they do not invade solid tissue unless lesion is present
Overall T- or Y-shaped antibody monomer consists of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artifical
Passive Humoral
injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
Active Humoral
formed in response to
vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Natural
Passive Humoral
antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant
through milk
Active Humoral
formed in response to
actual bacterial or viral infection
Passive vs. Active immunity
PASSIVE HUMORAL IMMUNITY
occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into
body
TWO TYPES
NATURALLY ACQUIRED
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
ACTIVE HUMORAL IMMUNITY
occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce
specific antibodies against them
TWO TYPES
NATURALLY ACQUIRED
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Virgin Killer T CELL
aka cytotoxic is first activated from the dendritic and helper cell before it is morphed into killer T cell
Infected cells
are foreign and cells that are bacterious
Killer T CElls
morphed from its virgin form it is communicated and kills cells that are infected as they are communicated
Memory Killer T Cells
a memory cells that is remembered to be ready for morphing next time
Virgin Helper T Cell
is activated and communicated from the dendritic cell to morph into a helper T cell
Helper T cell
morphed from its virgin form , it communicates the new target to the killer T cell, it also actiavtes the virgin killer T cell,
Memory Helper T cell
morphed from a helper T cell, it is remembered for next time it is needed
Virgin B Cell
is formed from the bone marrow and is morphed into the B cell for further action
B cell
morphed from its virgin form , it is activated firrst from the helper t cell and complment its functions to produce antibodies and morph into plasma cell and memory B cells
Memory B cell
the morphed form so that it is remembered for the next time it is needed
PLasma Cell
the morphed form of B cel and it provides antiobides. also actiavtes the helper T cell , vice versa
Long LIved plasma cell
is also the morph form of the plasma cell
antibodies
produced by the plasma cell, b cell, and memory bv celland it attacks the antigens,
Pathogens
the infection and bacteria that is attacked by antibodies and second line of defense
neutorphil
the first line of defnes that attacks pathogens, actiavtes macrophages, and communicates with macrophage, complemetn, the dendritic cell
macrophage
actiavates the neutrophil and communicate with the complemt is to fend off foreign invaders
complement
system of plasma proteins that activates B cell, mast cell, and macrophages while attacking pathogens
dendritic cell
activates the virgin killer t cell and virgin helper cell while also communicating with the helper t cell to produce more cells
monocyte
morphs into macrophages which then attacks the pathogens
natural killer cell
communicated to from the helper t cell and the macrophages and works to attack infected cells
eosinophil
acrtiavted from the antibody and activates neutrophil and basophil, which attacks parasitic worms
Basophil
actiavtes mast cell and works along with eosinophil to attack parasitic worms
Mast cell
activated by the complement, basophil, mast cell, and antibodies and work to attack parasitic worm
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Pus
creamy yellow mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue/cells, and living/dead pathogesns
Tuberculosis Bacilli
resist digestion by macrophages and remain alive inside
Granulomas
area of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages and outer capsule