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immune system Vannessa Flores - Coggle Diagram
immune system Vannessa Flores
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Lymph nodes
: located in groups or chains along lymphatic vessels
Spleen:
lies in upper left abdominal cavity
Thymus:
between the lungs, just above the heart
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
innate (non specific) defenses
mechanical barriers
: Prevent the entry of certain pathogens by providing a physical separation of pathogens and internal tissues
Mechanical barriers represent the body’s first line of defense
chemical barriers
: Chemicals that kill many pathogens
Acidic environment provided by HCl in gastric juice is lethal to
some pathogens
Enzymes, such as pepsin in the stomach and lysozyme in tears,
destroy many pathogens
Interferons, hormone- like peptides secreted by lymphocytes and fibroblast when viruses or tumor cells are present, block viral replication and slow tumor growth
inflammation,
:A tissue response to injury or infection
Function of inflammation is to stop the spread of pathogens
and infection
Characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain
phagocytosis
: Engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, and debris
Phagocytes are attracted to the injured area by chemotaxis, in
which they are attracted by chemicals from injured cells
fever
: Occurs when body temperature is re-set to a higher set point
-Results in elevated body temperature
Fever provides a hostile environment for pathogens that
reproduce best under normal human conditions
Natural killer (NK)
cells:small group of lymphocytes, other than T cells and B cells - Defend the body against viruses and cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances called persorins, which lyse (break apart) cell membranes of pathogens - NK cells also secrete substances that enhance inflammation
Adaptive (acquired) immune defenses
lymphocytes:
secrete cytokines or antibodies
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificially acquired immunity
:occurs through the use of vaccines, without the person becoming ill from the disease; once vaccines contain weakened or dead pathogens, person develops long-term immunity, due to an immune response that includes memory B cell formation
Naturally acquired immunity
: occurs after exposure to the antigen; long-term resistance results,due to the events of a primary immune response (memory B cells are produced)
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Autoimmune disorders:
Type 1 (insulin dependent) Diabetes mellitus, beta cells of the pancreas, which produce insulin, are destroyed by antibodies
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Second line defense:
Chemical barriers(enzymes, pH, salt). Natural killer cells,Inflammation, phagocytosis ,fever
Third line defense:
Cellular immune response,
Humoral immune response
First line of defense
: Mechanical barriers (skin& mucous membranes
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Lymphatic system:
- A second circulatory system,
Lymphatic vessels collect and carry away excess tissue fluid
from interstitial spaces, eventually returning it to the blood,
Lymph nodes, which are situated along lymphatic vessels,
contain lymphocytes, which help defend body against disease
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens
: -can be any large molecules that can trigger an immune response(ex. proteins, food, chemicals, ect.)
Before birth, the body makes an inventory of "self" antigens
Immune response is directed against "nonself" molecules which are usually large and complex foreign molecules
Antibodys:
- 3 methods by whichantibodiesreact to antigens- direct attack by agglutination, precipitation, or neutralization of antigens; these methods make antigens more susceptible to phagocytosis
Activation of complement results in opsonization, chemotaxis, inflammation, agglutination, neutralization, alteration, or lysis of antigens or antigen-bearing cells
-Inflammation: stimulation of local inflammatory changes in the area, that helps prevent the spread of the pathogens
Passive vs. Active immunity
Active immunity
is obtained through antigen exposure; an immune response occurs in the person, in which antibodies and memory B cells are produced ; this is long- lasting immunity
Passive immunity:
is obtained receiving antibodies; since there is no antigen contact and no immune response occurs. no memory B cells are produced; this is short term immunity
Humoral response and cellular response