Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Lymphatic System & Immunity, Destiny Quinteros P.2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Lymphatic capillary
      - Afferent lymphatic vessel
      - Lymph node
      - Efferent lymphatic Vessels
      - Lymphatic trunk
      - Collecting duct
      - Subclavian Vein
      - Include valves + are thinner than veins ( same 3 layers)
  - - - activation of B & T cells; first encounter with antigens
      - Antibodies (IgM & IgG) realseed into blood: helping destroy antigens in some weeks
      - B cells remaining tun into memory B cells wish remember antigens
    - - Rapid long lasting
      - Response: to subsequent encounter with some antigen; accomplished by B memory cells & T cytotoxic memory cells
      - B cells proliferated, antibodies appear in 12 days, remaining for months-years (B cells lives for many years providing ling term immunity)
- - - - cleanses blood & removes aged or defective red blood cells
      - sites for lymphatic activation & proliferation
      - stores platelets, moncytes, & iron
  - - - Immune Sureillance: monitor body fluids: lyphocytes + macrophages
      - Removes bacteria & cellular debris before returned to blood
      - centers of lymphocyte production
      - Lymphocytes attack viruses, bacteria & parasitic cell entering node
      - macrophages engulf/ destroy foreign particles, debris + damaged cells
- - - - Species resistance
        
        resistant to diseases that effect other species
        
        Factors
        
        different chemical environments
        
        body temp > not provide needed conditions by pathogens
        
        presence or absence of receptors for specific pathogens
      - Mechanical Barriers
        
        Physical barriers like skin, mucus membrane, hair, & sweat
        
        prevent entry of certain pathogens
      - Chemical Barriers
        
        Kill many pathogens
        
        Acidic environment effects some pathogens
        
        Enzymes like pepsin in stomach & lysozyme in tears destroy many pathogens
        
        Interferons > hormone-like peptides by lymphocytes + fibroblasts block viral replication s& slow slow tumor growth when present
      - Natural Killer cells
        
        defend body from viruses & cancer cells using cytotoxic T cells
        
        Lyse cell membrane destroying pathogens
      - Inflammation
        
        tissue response to injury/infection
        
        Stops the spread of pathogens/infection in body
        
        Effects: redness, swelling, heat, pain
      - Phagocytosis
        
        engulfs & digests pathogens, foreign particles, debris
        
        Most active neurophils & monocytes leave blood stream to infected area
        
        Includes: Neutrophils which engulf small particles & monocytes engulfing larger ones
      - Fever
        
        body temp is re-set to higher set point
        
        Provides: hostile environment for pathogens; reduces amount of blood+ keeps it from fungi/bacteria
        
        Causes liver & spleen take up iron
  - - - Lymphocytes & macrophages> recognize and remember specific foreign molecules on particular pathogens
- - - - Their activated + produce clone of cells when encounters antigen that matches receptors, + blinds to it
- - - - IgG
      - IgA
      - IgM
      - IgE
      - IgD
    - - 1. Direct Attack
        
        by agglutination, precipitaion, or neutralization of antigen
        
        make antigens more suspceptible to phagocytosis
      - 2. Activation of complement
        
        Results: opsonation, chemotaxis, inflammation, agglutination, neutralization, alteration, or lysis of antigens/ antigen bearing cells
      - 3. Inflammation
        
        stimulation if local infammatiory changes in area
        
        helps prevent spread of pathogens
- - - - Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
        
        occurs after exposure to antigens
        
        long term resistance > event of primary immune response (MBC produced)
      - Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
        
        occurs through use of vaccines w/o illness effect
        
        Vaccine contains weak/dead pathogens
        
        -development of long term immunity (MBC formation)
  - - - Naturally Acquired passive Immunity
        
        occur as antibodies are passed from mother to fetus
        
        short term immunity; lack of immune responses & memory B- cell formation
      - Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
        
        involes injection of gamma globulins (antibodies/antiserum)
        
        short term; no entigen exposure, immune response, memory B-Cell production
- - - - Helper T-Cells
        
        Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against displayed antigen
      - Cytotoxic T-Cells
        
        Monitor bodies cells
        
        recognize & eliminate cancer cells & virus-infected cells
        
        -Cytokines from helpter T cells activate cytotoxic T cells; increase # of identical cells
        
        cytotoxic T cells > bind to antigen-bearing cells, & release perforin; cuts pores in cells membrane to destroy them
      - Memory T-Cells
        
        quick response to future exposure of antigen
        
        divides into many cytotoxic T-cell for lifetime use
  - - - Memory B-Cell
        
        retain dormant
        
        Respond to future encounters with antigens
  - - - defend body against viruses & cancer cells
      - secretes > cytolytic substances PERFORINS
      - Lyse (break apart) cell membranes of pathogens
      - secrete substances causing inflammation
- - - - immune system manufactures antibodies called auto-antibodies, & cytotoxic T calls, against some of own antigens
      - Auto- antibodies damage proper tissue
      - Can result from viral infection, faulty T cell development, or reaction to a nonself antigen> closely resembles self antigen