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Immune System- Gabriel Cruz P2 - Coggle Diagram
Immune System- Gabriel Cruz P2
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate Immune Defense
Description: respond quickly. We receive all the Defensive we are born with. 1st or 2nd line of defense
Responses
Inflammation
Chemical Barries
Mechanical Barriers
Natural Killer
Species Response
Phacytosis
Fever
Adaptive Immune Defense
Description: Slow to respond. Specialized to a specific pathogen to secrete antibodies or cytokines. 3rd line of defense.
Responses: cellular or humoral response
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
MALT
Function: Prevent pathogens from entering mucous membrane. Lymphocyte activation & proliferation.
Location: Small/large intestines. Structures include Appendix & Peyers patches
Lymph Node
Function: remove/attack bacteria & cellular debris. Produce lymphocytes(attack virus and others) & macrophages(engulf or eat particles). Monitor body fluid.
Location: along lymph vessels throughout the body.
Spleen
Function: Clean blood by removing damaged or old RBC. Stores platelets, moncytes, & iron. Lymphocyte activation & proliferation.
Location: upper left abdominal cavity
Red Bone Marrow (not officially apart of sys)
Function: produce blood and immune cells for the body
Location: within bone
Thymus
Function: T cell maturation
Location: base of neck above heart.
Tonsils
Function: Stop n prevent bacteria entry
Location: within the face
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Second Line Of Defense
Chemical Barrier
: kill pathogens
Enzymes: pepsin in stomach & lysozyme in tears to destroy pathogens
Interferon: peptides for when viruses or tumors cells are present, block replication & slow the growth.
Acidic: HCI in gastric juice lethal to pathogens
Natural Killer Cell
; group of lymphocytes that defend against viruses & cancer cells by making cytolytic substances called perforins to break apart cell membranes of pathogens
species response
: Species resistant to disease. Factors; diff chemicals, body temp.
Phagocytosis
; engulf pathogens and other substances. Attracted by injured cells that let out chemicals. Neutrophils- eat small particles. Monocytes eat larger ones
Inflammation
; response to injury to stop the spread of pathogens. Cause redness, swelling, heat, & pain
Events; dilation of BV , capillary permeability increase(leads to edema &heat), WBC to affected areas, blood clotting.
Fever
; body temp higher them set point. Environment that pathogens are not able to reproduce in. Liver and spleen take up iron and keep from fungi or bacteria. Phagocyte cells are able to attack in higher body temp.
Third Line of Defense
Cellular Immune Response
Humoral immune response
First Line of Defense
Mechanical Barriers
: is a physical separation for pathogens. This includes skin mucous hair, & sweat
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Innate immune cells
Infected cell: that re killed by natural killer cells
Natural Killer Cell: attack cells in the body that become infected with a virus or become cancerous called perforins to break it apart.
Dendritic cell: take pathogens to learn the structure and look for specific Helper T cells and Killer T cells to start the next line of defense.
Monocyte: a cell that engulfs larger particles and first cells to the site
Complement cell: activates B cells(adaptive) if needed and small proteins that latch to the pathogens and kill them.
Eosinophil: activated by antibodies to kill parasitic worms that have entered the body
Macrophages: attack furiously grabbing the bacteria and digesting them and can eat 100 of them n after can neutrophils.
Bosophil: activated by antibodies to kill parasitic worms that have entered the body
Neutrophil: a cell that engulfs smaller particles, kill themselves in order to not kill healthy tissue, and let our chems to kill(kill after death).
Mast cells; activated by antibodies, complement cells, or bosophil to kill parasitic worms that have entered the body
Pathogen: an outside substance the body is trying to get rid of.(innate and Adaptive)
Parasitic worms : what the body is trying to kill(innate and Adaptive)
Adaptive immune cells
Memory helper T cell: stay alive to fight that same pathogen in the future is it comes again.
Plasma cell: B cells that transform to plasma cells to secrete antibodies
Helper T Cell: a group that goes to B cells to activate specific ones so they can go to make specific antibodies
B cell: are antibody factories
Virgin Helper T Cell: one that has not been activated to be used in the response.
Virgin B cells: one that has not been activated.
Memory killer T cells: remember the pathogen for next time
Long Lived Plasma cell: plasma cells transformed to be able to last longer
Infected cell: infected by the pathogen that killer T cells need to kill.
Memory B cell: some that stay alive to make millions of antibodies making us immune to that pathogen.
Killer T cell: Go straight to the battle fields and revive macrophages
Antibodies: come from B cells to grab the enemy so that other cells can come and kill them.
Virgin Killer cell: the other group that has not been activated.
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificial Acquired Immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Mechanism: expose to vaxs that have weaken or dead pathogen.
Result: stim a immune response w/out getting the sever symptoms
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Mechanism: involves the injection of gamma
globulins containing antibodies or antiserum
Result in short term immunity with no antigen, immune response, & no memory B cells.
Naturally Acquired Immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity
Result: Stim a immune response, and after will have a lasting affect with long lasting immunity (memory B cells are produced)
Mechanism: Exposure to a pathogen
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Mechanism: antibodies go to fetus from the mother w/ active immunity by drinking breast milk from women w/ active immunity
Result: Short term immunity cause of lack of immune response with little to no memory B cell formation
Passive vs. Active immunity
Passive Immunity; happens by receiving antibodies but no antigen contact with no immune response, and no memory B cells produced
Active Immunity: antigen exposure. immune response occurs which antibodies and memory B cells being produced.
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Immune Sys.; keep the body safe from unwanted pathogens or any other foreign particles/substances.
Lymphatic Sys.; Collect & carry excess tissue fluid to blood. Defend body against disease.
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens: trigger an immune response (proteins, food, chems). Body makes inventory of antibodies within someone at birth.
Antibodies kill pathogens n are created by B cells
Activation of complement; results in different reactions to prevent pathogens to keep on going.
Inflammation; inflammation change in area that prevents spread of pathogens
Direct attack to make them more susceptible to phagocytes
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral Response:
B cells activate when T cell activate it, then differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies to attack antigens (this would be the Humoral response). After memory B cells come to be for future encounters
Cellular Response
; response through cell-to-cell contact, while activated T cell interact directly w/ antigen cells. It works with T cells while they activate when a antigen is present. Macrophages eat pathogens which then display antigen fragment on cell membrane with proteins that help recognize antigens. Which T cells blind to antigen which activate a response.
Cytotoxic T cells; eliminate cancer cells & viruses infected cells
Memory T cell; quick response if that same pathogen comes back in the future.
Helper T cell: stim B cells to produce antibodies against antigen.
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Transplantation and Tissue Rejection
Tissue rejection to a transplant; similar to cellular immune response. If its a close math to donor the rejection will reduce, and other drugs may reduce it
Autoimmunity
Body makes autoantibodies against pathogens but end up hurting surrounding tissue. Could result in viral infection, fault T cells, or reactions to non antigen that looks like an antigen.
Hypersensitivity
Immediate-reaction hypersensitivity (allergy): Allergy mediators cause mucus production and other responses that led to inflammatory response
Antibody-dependent cytotoxic reactions: a transfusion reaction to mismatch blood
Description: an overloaded immune response that can lead to tissue damage
Delayed-reaction hypersensitivity: a substance that is repeatably exposed to the skin