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Immune System By: Iara Garro Period One - Coggle Diagram
Immune System By: Iara Garro
Period One
Lympathic Organs
Malt: prevent patyhogens from penetrating mucus membrane; proliferation/lymphocyte activation site
mucoase assisted lu=ymhoid tissue: pieces of lmyphoid tissue in thyroid, lung, salibary glands, skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tract
Spleen: cleanses blood, removing old/defective RBCS; lymphocyte activation/ proliferation sitwe; stores platelets, monocytes, iron:
spleen is located on left side of abdomen under ribcage
Lymph nodes: cleanse lymph'/ lymphocyte activation/ proliferation site
Locations: lymph nodes: neck, armpit, belly, groin area, and chest
Thymus: where T cells mature
located in betwee aorta and sternum
Lines of Defense; Purpose/ Ex.
2nd: Part of Innate defense; internal DEFENSE; uses inflammation to stop invaders spread; includes phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins, NK cells, fever
triggered by cuts
inflammatory chemicals: histamine; released for injury; arterioles experience vasodilation
3rd Line: specific, part of adaptive defense; takes longer to trigger but actually attacks specific foreign substances; includes B (humoral immunity) and T cells (cellular immunity)
1st: Part of Innate defense along w 2nd line; external body membranes (skin/ mucous membranes); preventing anything from penetrating through; acids, enzymes, mucin
mucin traps microorganism; skin acicidty/ mucous seceretion stops bacterial growth; (skin chemicals)
Innate and Adaptive Immune Defenses
Innate: born w it; in person's DNA; cells are immedietly able to act on any pathogens (NON SPECIFIC); do not need activatioon
have physicial/chemical barriers complement chemicals which create membrane attack complex, and inflammation
leukocytes involved: neutrophils, basophils/mast cells, eosinophils, macrophage/dendritic cells, natural killer cells (lymphocytes)
Adaptive: learns; adapts to sitch/ enviroment; memroy cells ARE PART OF RESPONSE; NEEDS ACTIVATION and reacts responds to SPECIFIC pathogens; after responding the memory cells form to remember antibodies used against that pathoge; takes longer (triggering)
leukocytes: T/B lymphocytes on patrol
helper T cells= activated by antigen presenting cells; stimulate other WBC cytotoxic these directly attack the pathogens, helper T cells also activate memory B cells which are plasma cells that get bigger and create the antibodies needed for that specific pathogen
Major Functions of Lymphatic/ Immune System
Immune System
Functional system, NOT organ system; makes immune responses as protection to foreign invaders and resists disease (includes lymphoid tissues)
Lymphatic System
Removing excess fluids from body tissues, taking excess fluids from tissue space and returning it to bloodstream, producing lymphocytes (WBCS)
Humoral/ Cellular Response
Humoral: antibody mediated;
anitbodies made by lymphocytes, circulate in body fluid; temporarily binds to target cells, marking for destruction
Cellular: cell-medioated immunity; lymphocytes go against target cells, directly (1 way)/ indirectly (2way)
Directly: kills infected cells
Indirectly: 1) releases chemicals that increase inflammatory response 2) activate other macrophages/lymphocytes
Antigens and Antibodies
Antibodies: Immunoglobins: protiens secreted by plasma cells; can bind B-cell detected antigens; antibodies don't destroy; inactive/ tag antigens, forming complex antigen-antibodies which have immunity
Neutralization, Aggulination, Precipitation Complement actvation, antibody action summary
3) precipitation: complex is easily engulfeed; solutable molecules cross linked into complexes, prepare for innate defense destruction
4) complement fixation/ activation: creates antibody defenses against cellular anitgens; aligned regions
2) aggulination: antigen-antibody compress: crosslinked to line; process of aggulination
5) summary: antigen antibody complexes do NOT desotry santigens; preapre for innate defense destructions; antibodies go after extra cellular poathogens and invade solid tissue; antibodies act intracellularlyt if arachwd to virus; active mechanism destorys virus
1) neutralization: simple; antobodies block specific sites on viruses/bacteria external; antigens don't bind to tissue cell receptors
Antigens: create adaptive defense; immune response provoked; target all immune responses and large molecukes that are not self
Passive vs. Active Immunity
Passive Humoral Immunity: Ready antibodies introduced to body; B cells aren't challenged and immunologival memory is unnecessary and antibody degrade, ending protectection
Naturally acquired: antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta/ baby via breastmilk
Artificially acquired: injection of serum (like gamma globulin); protection immediate, ending when antibodies naturally degrade in body
Active Humoral Immunity: 2 types: when B cells encounter antigens/ produce specific anitbodies against encountered antigens
Naturally acquired: response to actual bacterial/ viral infection
Artificially acquired: response to vaccine of dead/ attenuated pathogens
Cells in Immune System + Functions:
neutrophils: most abundant cells, become phagocytic
effector cells: fight infections
natural killer cells: large granular lymphocytes police blood/lymph; kill cancer/virus cells before the adaptive system is activated
memory cells: fight more second time around, as they store the antiobody needed for that specific invader
phagocytes: WBC ingest/ engulf invaders
APCS: 3
Dendriitic cells: phagocytize pathogens; enter lyphatic organs to get to present antigens to T cells; most effective antigen preventer; key link between innate/ adaptive immunity
Macrophages: present pathogens to T cells; activate T cells; and actiavtes macrophages more to become ohagocytic killer; trigger inflammatory response
B lymphocytes: do Not activate Naive T cells; oresent antigens to heloer T cells; assist activation; endocytosi: proliferation/ diferentiation of B cells to effector cells
plasma cells: made of clones; antibody secreting effector cells
helper T cells: activate B/ T cells and macrophages; adaptive immune response since it controls activation of humoral and cellular immune response; key linke between c/h response; APC presentation; se3crete cytokines and induce B/T cell proliferation; NEEDED FOR IMMUNE RESPONSE AND ESPECIALY KEY TO ADAPTIVE
Cytotoxic T cells: directly attack cells, ciruclate in blood/ lymph/ lymphoid organs recognizing antigens;
target: virus infected cells, cancer cells, foreign cell, cells w parasites/ bacteria
T reg cells: regulatory T cells; prevent autoimmune reactions
cytokines: mediate cell development, cell differentiation; responses in immune system w interfuerons/ interleukins
interluekin 1: released by macroohages/ T cells, release Interleukin 2, more IL 2 recptors
Immune System Disorders
Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome: genetic defect; deficit in B/T cells;
Hodgkin's disease: acquired; B cell cancer; depressed lymph node cells
ADA: adensine deaminase deficiency: metabolites accumulate inj T cells; leads to SCID
AIDS: HIV is the virus that causes AIDS; destroys Helper T cells and immune system collapses; (night sweats swollen lymph nodes, severe weight loss); currently no cure, 4 antivirals
Rhematoid arthritis: destroys joints
Multiple sclerosis: destroys whit matter myelin
Grave's disease: hypothyroidism
myasthena gravis: impairs nerve muscle connections
T1 Diabetes melitus: pancreatic cells destoryed
Allergic reaction: anaphylytic shock = injected allergens; bronchioles constrict and epinephrine is needed