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Lymphatic/Immune System Imogen Ecal Per.1 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System Imogen Ecal Per.1
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
passive
natural immunity: passed onto baby from the mom
artificial immunity: syringes used-doesn't last long
active
artificial immunity: vaccines
natural immunity: getting the virus
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Thymus: site for T cell maturation
Spleen: cleanses blood; site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation; stores platelets, monocytes, and iron
Lymph nodes: cleanse lymph, site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
malt: mucosa associated lymphoid tissues; prevent pathogens from penetrating mucous membrane; site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
red bone marrow: B cells mature here
Disorders associated with the Immune system
AIDS-acquired immune deficiency syndrome
HIV-human immunodeficiency virus
Interferes with the activity of helper T cells; Because they destroy helper T cells, immune response is compromised.
severe weight loss, night sweats, swollen lymph nodes
HIV can be transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions; they can enter via blood transfusions, blood-contaminated needles, sex, oral sex, or from mother to fetus
HIV destroys TH cells and depresses cellular immunity
immunodeficiency: congenital or acquired conditions that impair function or production of molecules or immune cells
severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID): genetic defect with marked deficit in B and T cells; treatment involves bone marrow transplants
Hodgkin's disease: acquired immunodeficiency, causes cancer of B cells, depresses lymph node cells
autoimmune disease: immune system can't differentiate between what's itself and what's foreign
overproduction of autoantibodies and sensitized TC cells which destroys tissues
rheumatoid arthritis: destroys joints
myasthenia gravis: impairs nerve-muscle connections
multiple sclerosis: destroys white matter myelin
graves disease: causes hyperthyroidism
type 1 diabetes mellitus: destroys pancreatic cells
systemic lupus erythrematosus (SLE): affect multiple organs
glomerulonephritis: damages kidney
hypersensitivities: immune responses to perceived threat that cause tissue damage
immediate hypersensitivity: begins after contact with allergen (antigen that causes allergic reaction)
systemic response is anaphylactic shock: this is seen with injected allergens such as a bee sting; bronchioles constrict which makes breathing difficult, vasodilation is low blood volume which can cause circulatory collapse; treatment is epinephrine
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
innate immune defenses are not specific
everyone is born with the same amount
surface barriers (first line of defense)
skin
mucous membrane
internal defenses (second line of defense)
natural killer T cells
antimicrobial proteins
inflammatory
phagocytes
fever
adaptive immune defenses are specific to their target
through time, the body has more memory T cells
specific: recognizes and targets specific antigen
has memory: it has stronger attacks against "known" antigens
systemic: isn't restricted to original state
humoral immunity: B cells
cellular immunity: T cells
self-antigens (MHC proteins): all cells are covered with proteins on their surface (not antigenic to self), antigenic to others in transfusions on grafts
uses first and second line of defense to stop attacks by pathogens
Passive vs. Active immunity
active: occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
passive: occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body
B cells are not challenged so immunological memory doesn't occur
protection ends when antibodies degrade;it doesn't last long because there are no memory T cells
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
First line of defense
is not specific; prevents general pathogens from going inside the body
innate immune system
external body membranes
skin
mucous membrane: ex. lining of your nose keeps pathogens out
part of innate immune system
secretions such as saliva and stomach acid can kill microorganisms
Second line of defense
innate immune system
internal defenses
inflammatory responses: macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells, inflammatory chemicals
macrophages (phagocytic white blood cells): engulfs and digests pathogens
mast cells: assists with allergic and inflammatory responses; release histamine
complement system: works with both specific and non-specific responses
still not specific
ex. when you get a splinter, this means your first line of defense failed-your second line of defense takes over, although it's not specific, it destroys invaders in a generalized way without targeting specific individuals
fever
natural killer cells
antimicrobial proteins: interneurons and complement proteins
phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages
inflammation is tissue response to injury
benefits of inflammation
prevents spread of damaging agents
disposes cell debris and pathogens
alerts adaptive immune system
sets the stage for repair
cardinal signs of inflammation: heat, redness, swelling, pain, impairment of function
stages
inflammatory chemical release
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
phagocyte mobilization
Third line of defense
targets specific foreign substances
adaptive immune system
humoral immunity: B cells
Cellular immunity: T cells
takes longer to respond than innate system
the third line of defense can be triggered if a person has the flu
lymphocytes: natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells
antibodies
memory T cells
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
memory T cells: remain long term even after body has defeated infection/virus
cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells): antigen specific; activation needed, destroys infected cell, cell mediated, part of third line of defense, causes infected cell to perform apoptosis
helper T cells: stimulates T cells, macrophages, and B cells to make immune response
regulatory cells: secrete cytokines to regulate immune function
natural killer T cells: not antigen specific; no activation needed
mast cells: release histamine which is a key inflammatory chemical
antigen-presenting cells
macrophages: stimulates the action of other immune system cells
B cells: produce antibodies
dendritic cells: shows antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system
phagocytes: white blood cells that ingest and digest foreign invaders-part of 2nd line of defense
macrophages: develop from monocytes, chief phagocytic cells; most robust
neutrophils: most abundant, they die fighting, and become phagocytic on exposure
natural killer cells: nonphagocytic cells, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph, they can kill cancer and virus-infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated; they lack "self" cell-surface receptors; they kill using apoptosis and secrete chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
T cells: cell-mediated immunity; targets pathogens directly
Humoral response and cellular response
cellular response is cell mediated
cytotoxic T cells: destroys infected cell by letting them perform apoptosis-releases perforin which causes holes
humoral response is antibody mediated
lymphocytes act against target cells
indirectly: releasing chemicals that enhance immune response or activating lymphocytes or macrophages
directly: killing infected cell
both part of adaptive immune system
CD4 cells become helper T cells; some regulatory
CD8 cells become cytotoxic T cells
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems (include BOTH)
Lymphatic Sysem
maintains fluid levels in body tissues by removing all fluids that leak out of blood vessels
absorbing digestive tract fats
removing cellular waste
Immune System
protect the body from foreign invaders
provides resistance to diseases and infections
Antigens and antibodies
antigens
body needs to remove it
triggers/provokes immune response
protein that is found on the surface of a pathogen
antibodies
produced by B cells in response to exposure to antigens
Y-shaped