Immune system Melissa Figuero Per 1
Major functions of Lymphatic/Immune systems
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Innate/adaptive immune defenses
First/second/third line of defense
Humoral/cellular response
Antigens/antibodies
Passive vs. Active immunity
Cells involved in immune system/functions
Disorders
A.I.D.S.: interferes with the body's ability to fight infections; caused by HIV; doesn't have a cure
adaptive: takes longer to react; third () line of defense; systemic; has memory
innate: born with it; first (surface barriers) and second (cells and chemicals) line of defense; nonspecific
phagocytes: WBC that ingest/digests foreign invaders
neutrophils: most abundant; become phagocytic
macrophages: develop from monocytes; most robust; presents antigen to T cell; activates T cell; further activates macrophage; triggers inflammatory response
natural killer cell: nonphagocytic; kill cancer/virus infected cells by inducing apoptosis; enhance inflammatory response
first line of defense: surface barriers (skin/mucous membranes), sweat, stomach acid, saliva, mucin, cilia in the upper respiratory tract
second line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, natural killer cells. inflammation, fever, have pattern recognition receptors
third line of defense: adaptive immune response; provides targeted response
cellular: cell-mediated; T lymphocytes
humoral: antibody-mediated; B lymphocytes
humoral immunity: antibodies circulate freely in body fluids; B lymphocytes
cellular immunity: lymphocytes attack target cell by either killing it directly or indirectly; T lymphocytes
antigens: substances that can provoke an immune response; most have several antigenic determinants
self-antigens: covered with proteins on surface (aren't
antigenic to self but can be antigenic to others)
B lymphocytes: originate in red bone marrow; attacks extracellular pathogens; has memory cell formation; plasma cells
T lymphocytes: originate in red bone marrow; attacks intracellular pathogens; has memory cell formation; helper T cells; cytotoxic T cells; regulatory T cells
antigen-presenting cells
dendritic cells: link between innate and adaptive immunity
macrophages: activated macrophage becomes phagocytic killer
B cells
macrophages: activated macrophage becomes phagocytic killer; trigger powerful inflammatory responses; activation=phagocytic killer
dendritic cells: link between innate and adaptive immunity
antibodies: proteins secreted by plasma cells; specific for each antigen; circulate in blood/lymph; they bind to free antigens; attack extracellular pathogens
passive humoral immunity: ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
active humoral immunity: B cells encounter/produce antibodies against antigens
naturally acquired: response to actual bacterial/viral infection
artificially acquired: response to vaccine of dead/weak pathogens
artificially acquired: injection of serum (gamma globulin)
naturally acquired: antibodies delivered to fetus; infant through milk
production of immune cells (lymphocytes/monocytes/plasma cells)
Hodgkin’s disease: swollen lymph nodes; limits the body's ability to fight infection; starts with lymphocytes; cancer that affects the lymphatic system
types of antibodies: IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
maintains body fluid levels
removes cellular waste
protection against disease
primary lymphoid organs
secondary lymphoid organs
thymus: site of T cell maturation
red bone marrow: center of most bones; where red/white blood cells and immune cells are produced
lymph nodes: all over body; connected by lymph vessels; cleanse lymph; lymphocyte activation/proliferation
spleen: filters unwanted RBCs; lymphocyte activation; stores platelets/monocytes/iron; controls the level of blood cells
Peyer's patches and MALT: prevents pathogens from penetrating mucous membrane; site of lymphocyte activation
Lymphatic disease: fluid/lymph doesn't pass through the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels correctly
SCID: mutation in which infants are more susceptible to severe infections
reacting to bacteria/viruses
production/activation of B/T cells
neutralize/deactivate/kill harmful substances