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Lymphatic/ Immune System - Kaylyn Ganiron (p.5) - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/ Immune System - Kaylyn Ganiron (p.5)
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
drains tissue fluids and waste products
fight against infection
LOCATION OF ORGANS + FUNCTIONS
thymus
LOCATION: located in the chest between the lungs, just superior to the heart
FUNCTION: makes WBCs that are called T lymphocytes (T Cells)
shrinks is size as we age
starts off as large in children and is smaller in adults
provides immunity
lymph nodes
they are not found in the central nervous system
LOCATION: they occur in chains along the parts of the larger lymphatic vessels
MAJOR AREAS OF CONCENTRATION OF LYMPH NODES: cervical, thoracic, axillary, supratrochlear, abdominal , pelvic, and inguinal regions
FUNCTION: filter foreign particles from the lymph
spleen
largest lymphatic organ in the body
similar to a large lymph node
LOCATION: lies in the upper left abdominal cavity
FUNCTION: filters the blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria
PURPOSE + EXAMPLES OF 1ST, 2ND, & 3RD LINES OF DEFENSE
1st:
mechanical barriers
ex: skin and mucous membranes
skin = most important
2nd:
chemical barriers
rapid
long-lasting
you don´t even get sick
accomplished by memory B cells
nonspecific
3rd:
cellular immune response
humoral immune response
specific and targeted
INNATE (natural) IMMUNE DEFENSES
mechanical barriers
skin
1st line of defense
prevents entry of certain pathogens
physical separation of pathogens and internal tissues
includes hair, mucus, and sweat
ex, unbroken skin and mucous membranes if the body
inflammation
2nd line of defense
ex. putting ice on flammation
a tissue response to injury or infection
function -> stop the spread of pathogens and infection
characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain
dialation of blood vessels = to increase of blood volume -> causes redness
attraction of WBCs into the affected area
blood clotting and fibrin thread formation = interlocking network around a damaged area of the blood vessel
chemical barriers
chemicals that kill many pathogens
acidic environment
ex. pH scale 0 to 14
provided by HCI in gastric juice is lethal to some pathogens
enzymes
speed up process
ex. pepsin (in the stomach) and lyzozyme (in tears) = destroy many pathogens
interferons
block viral replication
sow tumor growth
include: tears, breast milk, sweat, saliva, stomach acid
phagocytosis
2nd line of defense
engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, and debris
most active phagocytes = neutrophils and monocytes
attracted to the injured areas by chemotaxis
neutrophils engulf smaller particles
monocytes attack larger ones
natural killer (NK) cells
small group of lymphocytes, other than T cells and B cells
2nd line of defense
defend body against viruses and cancer cells cytolytic substances = perforins
lyse = break apart cell membrane of pathogens
also secretes substances that enhance inflammation
fever
2nd line of defense
even one degree over = fever
occurs when body temp is re-set to a higher set point
results in higher body temp
provides hostile enviornment for pathogens that reproduce best under normal human conditions
iron reduces in blood
ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES
antigen = any large molecules that can trigger an immune response
inventory of "self"antigens
immune response directed against "nonself"molecules = foreign molecules
antibodies = fighting against specific pathogens
ARTIFICIAL vs. NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
artificially
acquired active immunity
occurs through the use of vaccines
don´t become sick from the disease
develops long-term immunity
vaccines= weakened or dead pathogens
acquired passive immunity
involves the injection of gamma globulins containing antibodies or anti serum
short-term
no antigen exposure
no immune response
no memory B cells produce
naturally
acquired active immunity
occurs after exposure to the antigen
long-term results
memory B cells produce
acquired passive immunity
occurs as antibodies are passed from mother to fetus
short-term immunity
ex. breast feeding
PASSIVE vs. ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE
immune response occurs
antibodies and memory B cells produce
obtained through antigen exposure
long-lasting
YOU MAKE
PASSIVE
obtained by receiving antibodies
no immune response occurs
no memory B cells produce
short-term
YOU´RE GIVEN
CELLS INVOLVED + FUNCTIONS
T cells
cytotoxic T cells
kills infected body cells
helper T cells
stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
memory T cells
provide quick response to any future exposure
B cells
memory B cells
patrol the area and make the immune system work faster next time
mature in the bone marrow
produce antibodies
produce clones of itself
DISORDERS
COPD
chronic is obstructive, pulmonary disorder; includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
CAUSES: age, genetics, and dust exposure
SYMPTOMS: wheezing, heart disease, tight chest
TREATMENT OPTIONS: medications, lung reduction, lung transplant
Tuberculosis
bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by Mycabacterium tuberculosis
CAUSES: contagious, inhaled, drug/ alcohol abuse, and weakened immune system
SYMPTOMS: chest pain, swollen lymph nodes, fever, and fatigue
TREATMENT OPTIONS: surgery, medications, long-term antibiotics
Pneumonia
bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
CAUSES: aspiration, impaired immune system, and viral infection
SYMPTOMS: fever, fatigue, and diarrhea
TREATMENT OPTIONS: oxygen therapy, antibiotics, and medication
Lung Cancer
uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
CAUSES: air pollution, radon gas, and second-hand smoke
SYMPTOMS: weight loss, persistent cough, and fatigue
TREATMENT OPTIONS: radiation, chemotherapy, and surgical removal
Seasonal Flu
a viral infection; there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity
CAUSES: age, pregnancy, and occupation
SYMPTOMS: fatigue, fever, and headache
TREATMENT OPTIONS: early vaccination, antiviral medication, and rest & hydration