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Lymphatic/Immune System Concept Map Emily Hernandez Period 1 - Coggle…
Lymphatic/Immune System Concept Map Emily Hernandez Period 1
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
The tonsils are located at the back of the thorat and are there to prevent germs from entering the body through the mouth or the nose.
Red bone marrow is mostly found within flat bones. It is where T cells originate from and are created.
The lymph nodes are located all throughout the body and are small oval shaped. They cleanse the lymph, are the site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
The spleen is located to the left side of the stomach and is responsible for cleansing blood, removing aged or defective red bloood cells. It is a site fro lyphocyte activation aqnd proliferation. It stores platelets, monocytes, and iron.
The thymus is located anterior to the ascending aorta. It is the site of T cell maturation
Adaptive (acquired) immune defenses
The adaptive immune system is a specific defensive system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body. The characteristics of adaptive immunity are that it is specific which means that it recognizes and targets specific antigens, it is systemic and is not restricted to intial site and it has memory which means that it can mount an even stronger and quicker attack against antigens that it has already been exposed to.
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificial immunity is when the body is exposed to a certian disease through something like a vaccince to which their body reacts to and thus becomes immune
Naturally acquired immunity is when the body is provoked to form and immune response due to having been exposed to and catching a disease.
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Neutrophils: most abiundant phagocytes but die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
Macropahges: dev elop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells: most robust phagocytic cell
Phagocytes: white blood cells that ingest and digest foreign invaders
Natural Killer Cells: Nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph. Can kill cancer and virus infected cells before adaptive immune system is activated. Attacks eclls thnat lack self celll surface recptors. They kill by inducing apoptosis. They secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response.
Mast cells release hisatmine which is a key inflammatory chemical. Promotes vasodialation of local arteoriles increasing bloodflow to injured areas. Increases permeability of local capillaries, promoting formatioon of exudate.
T cells: T cells provide defense against intracellular antigens. Some T cells directly kill cells while others release chemicals that release chemicals that regulate immune response. CD4 cells usually become helper T cells that can activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages. Some become regulatory T cells, which moderatew immune resposnse. Can also become memory T cells. CD8 cells become Cytotoxic T cells that are capable of destorying cells harbiring foreign antigens. They may also go on to become memory T cells.
Disorders associated with the immune system
Pus: creamy yellow mixture of dead neutophils, tissue/cells, & living/dead pathogens. An Abscess are when collagen fibers are laid down, walling of a sac of pus. An Abscess may need to be surgically drained. Some bacteria such as tb, resist digestion by macrophages and remain alive inside.
During an organ transplant a person much go on immunosupressants to lessen that chance that the immune system will reject the organ. This is the leading cause of death for patients who's body cannot protect them from foreign agents.
Immunodeficiency: congentioal or acquired conditions that imapiar function or production of immune cells or molecules.
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome: genertic defect with marked deficit in B and T cells. Defective adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme that allows fro accumulation of metabolites lethal to T cells; is fatal if left untreated. Treatment for this is bone marrow transplants
Hodgkin's disease is an acquired immunodeficiency that causes cancer of B cells, which depresses luymph node cells and thuis leads to immunodeficiency
AIDS- HIV cripples immune system cripples immune system by interfering with activity of helper T cells and this leads to immunodeficiency. This is characterized by severe weight loss, night sweats and swollen lymph nodes. HIV can become aids. HIV can enter the body via blood transfusions; blood contaminated needles, sex; oral sex; or from mom to baby. HIV destroys T cells, depressing cellular immunity. There is no cure for AIDs.
Purpose and examples of First, Second, and Third lines of defenses
The first line of defense includes the skin and mucous barriers. The purpose of this line of defense is to provide a physical barrier between the internal and pathogens. When this line of defense fails it goes over to the second and third line of defense which are internal defenses. Also included chemicals that are secreted such as sweat, mucin, acids and enzymes such as the lysozome of saliva, respiratory mucus, lacrimal fluids, aswell as enzymes in the stomach that may kill microorganisms.
The second line of defense is what occurs when the first line of defense is breached. This is the innate system which is nonspecific and just attacks whatever is foreign. This included, antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells which inhibit the spead of invaders. Inflammation is also a mechanism whichi is activatved. This system is nessecary if ,icroorganisms manage to invade into deeper tissues. Phagocytes are whiye blood cells that ingest and digest forgeign invaders. Neutrophils are the most abundant phagocytes and die fighting as they become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material. The Macrophages are developed from momocytes and are the chief phagocytic cells and the most robust phagocytic cell. NK cells kill cancer and virus infected cells by inducing apoptosis which is self destruction.
The third line of defense is the adaptive immunity which is Humoral immunity: b cells and Cellulr immunity: T cells. Humoral immunity is antibody meditated immunity in which antibodies are produced by lymphocytes and circulate freely in body fluids. The bind temporarily to traget cells and they are marked for destruction. Cellular Immunity is whne lymphocytes are acting against a specific target cell and they act directly by killing infected cells. They also act indirectly by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response or by activating other lymphocytes or macrophages.
Passive vs. Active immunity
Active humoral immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them. Active immunity can either be naturally acquired or artificially acquired. To be naturally acquired means to get an infection; contact with pathogen. To be artificially acquired means to be vaccinated; dead or attenuated pathogens
Passive humoral immunity occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body. Passive immunity naturally acquired is when antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant in her milk. For passive immunity to be artifically acquired, there would need to be an injection of exogenous antibodies (gamma globulin)
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens are substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response. Targets of all daptive immune responses, most are large, complex molecules that are not normally found in body. The characteristics of antigens are that they can be a complete antigen or a hapten which is an incomplete antigen, contain antigentic determinants and can be a self antigen.
Self antigens: all cells are covered with a variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts. One set of important self-proteins are MHC proteins which are unique to each individual. They contain a groove that can hold piece of self-antigen or foreign antigen. T lymphocytes can only recognize antigens that are presented on MHC proteins.
Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and are proteins that are secreted by plasma cells. They are capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells. They are grouped into one of five lg classes. The basic structure of the antibody is a Y shaped monomer that consists of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds. There are four major antibody classes which are IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE.
Major functions of the lymphatic and immune systems (include both)
The lypmphatic system drains out fluids and maintains tissue fluid levels.It removed digestive tract fats and also removes cellular wastes. It works with the immune system. The immune system fights against infection. It provides resistance to disease. It is made up of two intristic systems whicjh are the innate defenses and adaptive defenses. The innate defense system is nonspecific and is the first line of defense and second line of defense. The adaptive immununity is the third line of defense and takes much longer to respong than the first two.
Innate (natural immune defenses)
Humoral response and cellular response