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Angela Santander Period 1 Lymphatic/Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Angela Santander
Period 1
Lymphatic/Immune System
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Immune System
Provides resistance to disease
Immune system. is a functional system rather than organ system
includes thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues
protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organism by producing the immune response
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Thymus
sites of T cell maturation
Lymph Nodes
Cleanse lymph
sites for lymphocytes activation and proliferation
Spleen
Cleanses blood and remove aged or defective red blood cells
site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Stores platelets, monocytes, and iron
MALT
prevent pathogens from penetrating mucous membrane
sites for lymphocytes activation and proliferation
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
First line of defense
External body membranes
skin and mucosae
Second line of defense
Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other celss
inhibit spread of invader; inflammation most important mechanism
Third Line of Defense
Attacls particular foreign substances
Takes longer to react than innate
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate (nonspecific) defense system
Constitutes First and second line of defense
First line of defense: external body membrane (skin and mucosae)
Skin and mucous membranes produce protective chemicals that inhibit or destroy
microorganisms
Enzymes: lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many
microorganisms; enzymes in stomach kill many microorganisms
Mucin: sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps microorganisms
Acid: acidity of skin and some mucous secretions inhibits growth; called acid mantle
Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers
Physical barrier to most microorganisms
Keratin is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins
Second line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, Phagocytes, and other cells (inhibits spread of invaders; inflammation most important mechanism)
Inflammatory response (macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and inflammatory
chemicals)
Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins)
Natural killer (NK) cells
Phagocytes
Many second-line cells have pattern recognition receptors that recognize and bind
tightly to structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm
Innate defenses do have specific pathways for certain substances
innate response release proteins that alert cells of adaptive system to foreign molecules
Adaptive (specific) defense system
Third line of defense attack particular foreign substances ( takes longer to react than innate)
Humoral immunity= B cells
Cellular immunity= T cell
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens
substances that can mobolize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
Self-antigens
all cells are covered with variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusion or grafts
MHC proteins
important set of self-antigen that play a role in recongnition of "self" and "nonself" cell by the immune system; unique of each individaul
Antiegen present cells
Do not respond to specific antigens
Clonal selection
Antigens bind to specific receptors
causing a fraction of lymphocyes to clone themselves
Primary Immine response
cell proliferation and differntiation upon exposure to antigen for the first time
lags period: 3- 6 days
peak level of plasma antibody are reached in 10 days
antibody levels then decline
Secondary Immune response
re-exposure to same antigen gives faster, more prolonged, more effective responses
sensitized memory cells provide immunological memory
respond within hours, not days
antibodies bind with greater affinity
Anitbodies level remain high for weeks to months
Anitbodies
Immunoglobulins
specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
Structure
T - y shaped anitbody monomers consist of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds
variable regions form antigen-binding sites
Two identisal heavy (H) chains with Hinge regions at "middles"
Two identical light (L) chains
Functions of Antibodies
Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement fixation and activation
Classes of anitbodies
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Active
artificially acquired
Vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens
Naturally acquired
Infection; contact with pathogen
passive
Naturally
Antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta; or to infant in her milk
artificially
Injection of exogenous antibodies (gamma globulin)
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph
Can kill cancer and virus-infected cells before adaptive immune system is activated
attack cells that lack "self" cell- surface receptors
Kill by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells
secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
Macrophages
develop from monocytes and chief phagocytic cells
most robust phagocytic cell
Neutrophils
Most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting
exposure to infectious material
Phagocytes
a white blood cell that ingests invading microbes
Memory cells
A long-lived lymphocyte captable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintriduction
Long after the exposure that prompted its production
Dendritic cells
Found in connective tissue and epidermis
act as mobile sentines of boundry tissues
phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues, then enter lymphatics to present antigens to T cells in lymph node
most effective antigen oresenter known
key link between innate and adaptive immunity
Plasma Cells
Cell that develp from B cells and produce antibodies
B lymphocytes
Do not activate naive T cells
Present antigens to helper T cell to assist their own activation
Provoke humoral immune respone when it encounter target antigen
Two types of T cells
CD4 cells (Helper T cell)
Usually become Helper T cells (TH) that can activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages; direct adaptive immune response
Play central role in adaptive immune respone
Activate both humoral and cellular arms
Once primed by APC presentation of antigen helper T cells
Induce T and B cell proliferation
Secrete cytokines that recruit other immune cells
Help activate B cells and other T cells
CD8 (Cytotoxic)
become cytotoxic T cells (TC) that are capable of destroying cells harboring foreign antigens
Cytotoxic T cells
Directly attack and kill other Cells
Activate TC cells circulate in blood and lumph and lymphoid organs in search of body cells displaying antigen they recognize
Target
Virus-infected cells
Cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites
Cancer cekks
Foregin cells
cytotoxic T cells deliver lethal hits
Regulatory T cells
Important in preventing autoimmune reactions
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Inflammation
a locailed response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues; triggered whenever body tissues are injured
Cardinal Signs of inflammation
Redness
Swelling
hear
pain
loss of function
benefits of inflammation
Prevents spread of damaging agents
disposes of cell debris and pathogens
alerts adaptive immune system
sets the stage for repair
Stages of inflammation
1, inflammatory chemical release
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Phafocyte mobilization
Histamine
chemical stored in mast cell that trigger dilation and increased permeability of capillaries; key inflammatory chemical
Kinins, prostaglandins, cytokines, and complement
Inflammatory mediators; cause vasodilation of local arterioles, make capillaries leaky; many attract phagocytes to area
Pus
Creamy yellow mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue/cells, and living/dead pathogens
Abscess
Collection of pus underneath the skin because collagen fibers are laid down; many need to be surgically drained
anaphylatic shock
A severe reaction that occurs when an allergen is introduced to the bloodstream of an allergic individual
Characterized by brochoconstriction. labored breathing, widespread vasodilation, circultaory shock, and sometimes sudden death
Allergen
antigen that causes an allergic reaction
Acute (type I) hypersenstitivities (allergies
begin seconds after contact with allergena
activated IgE agaisnt atigen binds to mast cells and basophils
later encounter with same allergen causes flood with histamine release from IgEs
induced inflammatory reponse
Severe Combined immunodeficency syndrome
Genetic defect with marked deficit in B and T cells
Hodgkin's disease
acquired immunodeifiency that causes cancer of B cells, which depresses lymp node cells and this leads to immunodeficiency
AIDS
A disorder in which the immune system is gradually weakended and eventually disabled bu the human immunodeficency virus (HIV)
Interferes with activity of helper T cells
Autoimmune disease
immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign
Passive vs. Active immunity
Active Humoral Immunity
Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
Has two types of active humoral immunity
Naturally acquired
Artifically acquired
Passive Humoral Immunity
Occurs when ready'made antibodies are introduced into body
protection ends when antibodies degrade
B cells are not challenged by antigens;immunological memory does not occur
B cells are not challenged by antigen; immunological memmory does not occur