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EUROPE IN THE AGE OF CARLOS V AND FELIPE II, image, image, image, image,…
EUROPE IN THE AGE OF CARLOS V AND FELIPE II
PROTESTANT REFORMATION/RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Division Christian Church
Religious movement
Founding Protestan churches
Causes
Bad example set by the high clergy
Church`s wealth
Low clergy`s lack of training
Buying and selling of ecclesiastical position
Sale indulgences
Luther`s break from Rome
1517 Luther publised 95 Theses
Criticising
Sale of indulgences
Bad practises the ecclesiastical hierarchy
Beginning of Protestant Reformation
Lutheran doctrine-principles
Forgiveness and salvation depend faith and God`s will
Rejection
Veneration Virgin Mary
Saints
holy relics
Sacraments. Except
Baptism
Eucharist
Free interpretation of the Bible
Opposition church owning property
1521 The Pope demands Luther retracts his writings at the Diet of Worms
Luther refuses
He is excommunicated and expelied from the Empire
1522 Luther translates the Bible into German
1536 Lutheranism spreads to Denmark and Norway
1559-1562 eradication of the Lutheran groups in Spain
The spread of the Reformation
Other refromers appeared with new doctrines
Ultricht Zwingli
Swiss pastor
Rejected the authority of the Pope
Proposed
Abolishing religious imagery
Celibacy among priests
John Calvin-Calvinism
Beliefs bases on predestination
People were destined for salvation or damnation from birth
Across
Switzerland
England (Puritans
Scotland (Presbyterians)
France (Huguenots)
North Low Countries
1534 King Henry VIII broke with Catholic Church
The Act of Supremacy was passed
Appointed himself head of the Church of England
Anglican Church
Pope not give his consent for to divorce Catherine of Aragon
Across northern Europe
Low Countries
Denmark
Germany
Scandinavian Peninsula
Began first half of the 16th century
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
RELIGIOUS WARS
This agreement provoked a religious wars
In Low Countries
1568-1648
Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Yers`s war
British isles
Conflicts
Anglicans gaining power
Catholics, anglicans and puritans in England, Scotland and Ireland
In France
Wars between catholics and protestans
The massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew`s Day in 1572
King Henry IV signed Edict of Nantes
Granted certain religious freedom
Luther received protection of German nobles
1519 Carlos V was appointed Emperor
He was devout catholic
Supported the Pope and the Church
Mediate in this conflict to prevent division of Church
Diet of worms
1521 the Church excommunicated Luther
German princes supported Luther formed alliance
Schamalkaldic League
1547 Battle of Muhlberg
Civil War
Emperor and German prices defeated
1555 the Peace of Augsburg was signed
Emperor granted religious freedom
Consequences
Miguel Servet was executed for his religious beliefs
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential
Protestants and Catholics persecuted
The Counter-Reformation
Led by
Catholic Church
Against the Protestant Reformation
Movement
Intellectual
Political
Religious
Council of Trent
Established the Catholic Church`s course of action
Internal reform
Repression of Protestantism
The clarification of their teachings
1545-1563
Catholics maintained power over southern and central Europe
SPANISH CULTURE IN THE 16TH CENTURY
Science progressed slowly
Religion played fundamental role in art
Felipe II impeded
To study in other countries
Books printed outside not allowed into the country
Literature
Religious authors
Were mystics
Wrote about spiritual experiences
Most famous
Saint Teresa of Jesus
Saint John of the Cross
Garcilaso de la Vega
Poet
Influenced by Conter-Reformation
Art
Two styles
Classicist
Mythological themes
Nudes were not portrayed
Mannerist
Expressive
A dramatic quality
Juan de Juanes
Church and monarchy used to spread
Ideas
Values
Architecture
in the second third of Century
Reduced decoration
Classical elements accentuated
Columns
Pediments
Constructed
Classicist style
Purist style
Examples
Palace Carlos V in Alhambra in Granada
Granada Cathedral
In first third Century
Style Plateresque
Characterised
Ornate facades
Examples
Facade of Salamanca University
San Marcos Hospital
In last third Century
Herrerian style
Geometric space
Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Juan Herrera)
Austere decoration
Sculpture
Adoption style of Mannerism
Evoke intense feelings
Reflect dramatic situations
More expressive
Artist
Alonso Berruguete
The Sacrifice of Isaac
Juan de Juni
The Entombment of Christ
Painting
Juan de Juanes
Ecce Homo
Last Supper
Middle of Century
Elongated figures
Dramatic expressions on faces
Luis de Morales
Madonna
Last third Century
El Greco
Greek artist
Characterised
Drama
Spirituality
Use of elongated figures
Colours and dark tones
Examples
The Burial of the Count of Orgaz
The Holy Trinity
Worked in Toledo
THE SPANISH HABSBURG DYNASTY
Economy and Society in the 16th century
Port of Sevilla
Monopolised trade
Colonies
Casa de Contratacion
Consequences
Population increased
the cities grew
Fleet system
Escorted by warships
To protect the ships from pirate attacks
Voyages between The Americas and Sevilla
Economy prospered due to the riches obtained from the Americas
Silver
gold
The arrival of precious metals
Affected the Spanish Monarchy
Enriched the nobility
The majority of the population became poorer
Finance numerous wars
The craft industry
Grow due to demand from the American territories
The rise in prices
Spanish products more expensive
Buy abroad more cheaper
Finance more expensive projects
Resources ran out
Increasing taxes
Pay
Peasants
Bourgeoisie
Privileged classes not pay them
The economy continued to be based on agriculture
At the end of the 16th century
Spanish economy went decline
Number of people who had to beg to survive
The religious wars
Both monarchs belonged Habsburg dynasty
Exert absolute political authority
In the 16th century
Spanish Monarchy
Felipe II
His son
1556-1598
Carlos V or Carlos I of Spain (1516-1556)
The most powerful in Europe
Similar political objectives
To retain their territorial patrimony through numerous wars
To defend Catholicism
The domestic policy continued to be discriminatory
Outside Spain they waged religiously motivated wars
FELIPE II
Domestic problems
Felipe II declare the Crown bankrupt
In year he began his reign
Continue funding the military grace to
Discover mines
Gold
In Americas
Silver
Increase in taxes
Carlos V left the Crown in financial ruin
All kingdoms
Maintained own institutions
Maintained specific laws
Fueros
Ruled by same sovereign
War of the Alpujarras
Due to
Policy of imposing Catholicism
Discriminating against religious minorities
Suppressed by John of Austria
Moriscos
Granada
Spanish Monarchy Black Legend
Aimed discredit
Spanish Monarchy
Felipe II
Europe belief that Spain was
Fanatical
Ignorant
Fomented by enemies
France
North of Low Countries
England
Causes Cultural backwardness
Political oppression of Protestants
Death Carlos (Prince of Asturias)
Catholic Church
Achievements of the tercios in Europe
Wars of Felipe II
Against the Protestants in the Low Countries
Northern territories proclaimed independence from Spain
In 1581
Against the Ottoman Empire
Organised Holy League
Battle of Lepanto
Otommans were defeated
Against France
Defeated Battle of Saint Quentin
Signed Peace of Cateau-Cambresis
Against England
Felipe formed a powerful fleet
Great Armada Objectives
Transport trops
Invade England
Depose the Queen
Defeated by Englis attacks
Queen Elizabeth I of England
Defended the Protestant rebels
Was Anglican
Carlos V divided up the territories
His son Felipe II the rest
To govern his empire
Founding Council of Portugal
More power to the secrataries
Intermediaries between the King and councils
Types of ministers
Increased bureaucracy
1561 Madrid capital of his kingdom
Castillan and his territories in the Americas
The Crown of Aragon and his Italian territories
The Low Countries and Franche-Comté
The King of Portugal died
Felipe II inherited
Portugal kingdom
Portuguese territories
In Africa
In Asia
In America
Philippines
Portugues nobles opposed
Duke of Alba defeated them
Austria and the Imperial Crown
His brother Ferdinand
