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Chemical control and integration, MSH - Coggle Diagram
Chemical control and integration
Controlling and coordinating systems
Nervous system
Use neurotransmitters
Fast action
Short lived effect
Hypothalamus is the connection between neural and endocrine system
Endocrine system
Glands
Head region
Hypothalamus
Part of forebrain: basal part of diencephalon
"Master of master gland"
Hypothalamic hormones
Act on Anterior pituitary
Releasing type
GH-RH/ GRH/ Somatocrinin
MSH-RH/ MRH
PRL-RH/ PRH
Gn-RH/ GRH
ACTH-RH/ CRH
TSH-RH/ TRH
Inhibiting type
GH-IH/ GIH/ Somatostatin
MSH-IH/ MIH
PRL-IH/ PIH
Stored in Posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
By paraventricular nuclei (PVN)
Milk ejecting hormone (contraction of mammary glands)
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Birth Hormone (contraction of uterus muscles)
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Vasopressin/ Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
By supra-optic nuclei (SON)
Released when there is excessive loss of water through urine, acts on DCT and collecting duct and promotes water reabsorption
Diabetes insipidus: due to lack of ADH excessive water loss via urine
Ectodermal in origin
Pineal/ Epiphysis
Location: dorsal side of epithalamus (forebrain)
Origin: ectodermal
Hormone: melatonin
Formed in the presence of light
Functions
Biological clock: 24 hour diurnal rhythm
controls sleep wake cycle
pigmentation
body temperature
metabolism
affect menstrual cycle in females
defense mechanism
Pituitary/ Hypophysis
Anterior pituitary/ Adenohypophysis
75% of pituitary
It has two lobes pars distalis and pars intermedia
Fused in humans
In animals where they are separate the only hormone released by pars intermedia is MSH
Hormones
Somatotroph
Growth hormone/ Somatotropin
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Lactotroph
PRL
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Thyrotroph
TSH
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Corticotroph
ACTH
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Gonadotroph
Gonadotropins
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Posterior pituitary/ Neurohypophysis
25% of pituitary gland
It has one lobe pars nervosa
Ectodermal in origin
Pear shaped gland
"master gland"
Neck region
Thyroid
Location: Ventral side of trachea
Endodermal in origin
Largest endocrine gland
Butterfly shaped
Parafollicular cells
Secretes Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) or calcitonin
Reduces blood calcium ion level and deposits them on bone (hypo calcemic hormone )
Thyroid hormones
T3/ Triiodothyronine
Produced Less in amount
More potent
T4/ Thyroxine/ Tetraiodothyronine
Produced More in amount
Less potent (T4 later gets converted to T3 for better functioning)
Functions
Increases BMR (basal metabolic rate: amount of calories
required to maintain the daily activities)
increases body temperature
increases heartbeat
increases secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
stimulates erythropoiesis
helps in tissue differentiation
maintains water-electrolyte balance
Disorders
Hyposecretion
Simple goiter
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Cretinism
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Myxoedema
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Hypersecretion
Exophthalmic goiter (Grave's disease)
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Parathyroid
Location: 4 parathyroid glands behind thyroid gland
Origin: endodermal
Hormone: parathormone or parathyroid hormone (PTH) or Collips hormone
Hypercalcemic hormone: it increases the blood calcium levels by taking the calcium from bones into the blood
Stimulate juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney and produce calcitriol
Calcitriol reabsorbs calcium from gastrointestinal tract
Maintains calcium homeostasis along with the help of calcitonin (TCT)
Thoracic region
Thymus
Location: behind sternum, ventral to aorta
Origin: endodermal
Hormone: thymosin
Important role in immunity (helps in differentiation of lymphocytes)
Cell mediated immunity
T lymphocytes or T cells
Humoral immunity
B cells which produce antibodies
Only gland which reduces in size with age
Older people have weaker immunity
Abdominal region
Pancreas
Mixed or Heterocrine gland
Endocrine (1-2 %)
Islets of Langerhans
Alpha cells
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Beta cells
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Delta cells
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Exocrine (99%)
Cells of acini
Pancreatic juice
Origin: endodermal
Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1
Juvenile onset of diabetes (usually occurs in younger people before 20 years of age)
IDDM: insulin dependent diabetes Mellitus
Autoimmune disorder in which the antibodies produced against beta cells damage them hence insulin is not produced --- blood glucose increases
Type 2
Age related diabetes
NIDDM: non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Receptors become insensitive for glucose hence insulin can't bind efficiently --- blood glucose increases
Adrenal
Location: above kidney
Adrenal cortex (outer portion)
75 %
Origin: mesodermal
Has three zones
:one: zona glomerulosa
Hormone: mineralocorticoid (aldosterone - major mineralocorticoid)
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:two: zona fasciculata
Hormone: glucocorticoid (cortisol - major glucocorticoid)
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:three: zona reticularis
Hormone: sex corticoid
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Hormone: corticoids
Adrenal medulla (inner portion)
25 %
Origin: ectodermal
Has no further division
Hormone: catecholamines (emergency hormone/ 3F response (fear, fight, flight))
Adrenaline/ epinephrine
Noradrenaline/ norepinephrine
Functions
Increases heart rate
increases breathing rate
sweating
piloerection
pupil dilation
increases glucose in blood
proteolysis
lipolysis
Disorders
Hyposecretion (Cortisol or Aldosterone)
Addison's disease
Symptoms
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Testes (in males)
Origin: mesodermal
Location: one pair outside the body in a pouch called scrotal sac
Two maintain 2 - 2.5 degrees Celsius lower temperature than the body temperature essential for spermatogenesis
Hormone: androgens (testosterone)
Functions
Promotes spermatogenesis
low pitch voice
aggressiveness
muscular growth (protein anabolism)
Erythropoiesis
beard and mustache growth
distribution of hair on body
development of secondary sex organs
male sexual behavior (libido)
Ovary (in females)
Use hormones
Hormones are
non nutrient chemicals
which act as
intercellular messengers
and are produced in
traced amounts
Slow action
Long lasting effect
MSH
Targets Melanocyte
Distribution of melanin pigment