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- - - - CS
        
        ACUTE / VISCERAL Marek's
        
        Lymphoproliferative Disease
        
        CLASSICAL Marek's / Range Paralysis
        
        Paralysis
        
        Usually seen at 12-2w
      - Signalment
        
        Long lived birds
      - Ax
        
        Herpes virus (Lymphotropic- cell associated)
      - Epidemiology
      - PM Lesions
        
        Classical
        
        Acute / Visceral
      - Dx
        
        CS
        
        PM
        
        Histopath (NB to differentiate from Lymphoid leukosis)
        
        PCR
      - DD
      - Control
        
        Vaccination
        
        Vaccine Failure
    - - Ax
        
        Alphaherpesvirus
      - Signalment
      - Epidemiology
        
        Transmission though direct contact, droplet infection
        
        Present in trigeminal ganglia of recovered carriers
        
        Incubation: 6-10d
      - CS
        
        Peracute
        
        Acute
        
        Subacute
        
        Subclinical
      - PM Lesions
        
        Peracute / Acute
        
        Haemorrhage of trachea, pseudo membrane, plugs in trachea
        
        Milder form
        
        Swollen eyelids, infra-orbital sinuses
        
        Yellow exudate in larynx
        
        Conjunctivitis
      - Dx
        
        Histopath
      - Control
  - - - PM lesions
        
        Velogenic : MDT <60h
        
        Haemorrhages in proventriculus and/or caecal tonsils and gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) - (characteristic lesions) , haemorrhagic tracheitis
        
        Secondary E coli
        
        Sloughing of epithelium in mouth and larynx, Large quantity of nasal mucous
        
        Mesogenic: MDT 60-90h
        
        Lentogenic: MDT > 90h
      - Dx
        
        Reverse transcriptase PCR
        
        Viral isolation in embryonated chicken eggs
        
        Sudden deaths, CS, PM lesions
        
        Serology- paired serum samples- ELISA, HI
      - Control
        
        CONTROLLED DISEASE
        
        Vaccination (Compulsory)
        
        Breeders and layers
        
        Live vaccine 1 day, boosters 14 and 21 days
        
        inactivated vaccine: 2wks and 16wks
        
        once in lay, vaccinate every 4-6 weeks with live vaccine spray
        
        Broilers
        
        Live vaccine 1 day- eyedrop/spray, booster 14 and 21 days
        
        Action to be taken during an outbreak (Velogenic)
        
        Inform State Vet
        
        Emergency slaughter
        
        Block vaccination
      - Ax
        
        Pathotypes
        
        Enveloped, sensitive to disinfectants
      - Signalment
      - Epidemiology
      - CS (Respiratory, Digestive, Nervous)
        
        ⭐Velogenic Pathotype
        
        Broilers
        
        75-100% mortality
        
        Dyspnoea, periorbital swelling
        
        Green diarrhoea
        
        Nervous signs
        
        Layers / Breeders
        
        Soft-shelled eggs/shell-less eggs/white-shelled eggs / watery albumen
        
        Mesogenic Pathotype
        
        Broilers
        
        Layers / Breeders
        
        Lentogenic Pathotype (Vaccine Strain)
        
        Humans: Conjunctivitis: more seen with vaccination
    - - DD for non specific respiratory disease
      - Ax
        
        Poor Management
      - Non specfic CS
        
        Swollen head
      - Control
        
        Live, attenuated vaccine
  - - - Segmented genome, rapid genome change likely
    - - IP: 1-3d
    - - LPAI
      - HPAI
    - - LPAI
        
        Turkeys
        
        Broilers
        
        Breeders
      - HPAI
        
        Turkeys
        
        Chickens
    - - CS, PM Findings
      - Paired serum samples
    - - Vaccination
  - - - Transmitted by mosquitos in summer, autumn, winter
      - Direct transmission of wet form in intensive conditions
    - - Cutaneous / Dry Form
        
        Nodular wart like lesions on comb, wattle, eyelids + other non feathered areas
        
        May die of dehydration if pocks close the eyes completely -> can't find water
        
        Mortality 3-5%
      - Diphtheritic / Wet Pox
        
        Diphtheritic yellow lesions on MM of mouth, oesophagus, trachea
        
        Tracheal occlusion may lead respiratory signs and death
        
        Decreased feed intake
        
        Mortality 20-30%
    - - CS: Lesions of Cutaneous / Dry form = diagnostic
      - Histopath
    - - Vaccination
  - - - Hemorrhage of skeletal muscle, congested carcass
      - Odematous, atrophic bursa with haemorrhages- Jelly bursa
        
        Subacute: no haemorrhage. white caseous core
      - Urate diathesis kidneys
      - Proventricular hemorrhage
      - Splemnomegaly
      - Secondary E coli: serofibrinous polyserositis
    - - Acute (virulent)
        
        white watery, chalky dirrhoea
        
        Dpressed bird
      - Subacute (commercial)
        
        Low mortality
        
        Suboptimal growth
        
        2dary infections E.coli
      - IP: 2-4 days
    - - Macro: Bursal lesions
      - Histopath of Bursa
      - ELISA paired serum samples
      - PCR of bursa
    - - Biosecurity
      - Vaccination
        
        Breeders
        
        Live intermediate vaccine @ 3wks and 6wks
        
        Inactivated vaccines @ 16-18 wks ➡ maternal immunity for offspring
        
        Broilers, maternal immunity
        
        Low infection risk: intermediate vaccine at 14 and 18 days
        
        High infection risk: intermediate plus ("hot") vaccine at 12 & 16 days
  - - - DDs
        
        E.coli
        
        Staphylococcus arthritis
        
        Mycoplasma synoviea
    - - Sx: < 2-3 weeks
      - VERY resistant to chemicals, heat etc
      - Dx: PCR, thymus or liver
      - CS: mortalitiy, anemia, 2ndary infections, muscle haemorrhage
      - Control: vaccination, live non-attenuated if animal is seronegative before laying onset
  - - - Control
        
        Live Vaccination in drinking water
        
        Breeders
        
        Non attenuated (like CAV) @ 8w-14w
        
        Not too early (<6w) -> clinical case / late (during lay) -> vertical transmission
        
        Often combined with Poxvirus vaccine- wing stab
      - CS (IP 1-7d)
        
        During Lay
        
        Slight drop in egg production (Most layers vaccinated bc of this) Reduced hatchability due to late embryonal death
        
        Vertical Transmission -> Disease in YOUNG CHICKS <10d
        
        Ataxia, paresis, paralysis, tremors -> death due to starvation
        
        Cataracts (Seen on PM)
        
        Between 6w and Lay
      - Ax
        
        Resistant to environment
        
        Shed into faeces
      - Signalment
        
        Severe disease in vertically infected chicks, decreased egg production in layers
      - Dx (Young Chick)
        
        Histopath of CNS, Gizzard + Proventriculus -> Perivascular cuffing + gliosis, Duodenum + Pancreas
        
        CS (tremors, decreased egg production
        
        PCR, ELISA, Viral Isolation
      - PM
        
        Cataracts
        
        Non purulent meningioencephalomyelitis
      - DDs
        
        Decreased Egg Production
        
        Newcastle, Infectious bronchitis, Pneumovirus, Coryza, Pasteurella
        
        Nervous signs in young birds
        
        ND
        
        Encephalomyelacia
        
        Riboflavin deficiency
- - - - Gallisepticum🐔🦃, synoviae 🐔🦃, meleagridis 🦃 iowae 🦃. Host specific
      - Almost always stress related
      - No penicillins
      - Pleomorphic
      - Evades immune system, vaccinations moderately effective
    - - Tx
        
        Vaccination, but only moderately effective as able to evade IS
        
        Live vaccine in eye drop / spray at 9w
        
        Bacterin Vaccine
        
        No cell wall: Penicillin NOT effective. ABx don't sterilize infection, may remain carriers
        
        Long term Tylosin, Aivlosin, Tiamulin in feed
        
        AIMS of Tx
        
        Treat clinical Sx
        
        Reduce Mortalities
        
        Reduce vertical transmission
        
        Protect against drop in production
        
        Florquinolones 3-5d in water / Tylosin in water for 10d
      - Sx (IP 2-3w)
        
        Decreased egg production + hatchability, Reduced DOC quality, Increased chick mortality,
        
        Reduced growth rate and feed conversion
        
        Chronic respiratory disease - CRD - E coli 💲
        
        Mild upper respiratory disease
        
        Sinusitis
        
        Frothy airsacculitis
        
        Conjunctivitus
        
        Complicated with E coli
        
        Polyserositis: Pericarditis. periheptitis, polyarthritis, septicaemia
        
        Cattharal inflamation of nasal passages, sinuses, trachea & bronchi
        
        Salpingitis
        
        Arthritis
      - Epidemiology
        
        Vertical transmission -> Infected day old chicks. Considering long IP, may only become symptomatic on the laying farm 3 weeks later (if farm test -, remember to test the laying farm
      - Dx
        
        No pathognomonic lesions on PM
        
        Screen unvaccinated flock with RSPA (Rapid serum plate agglutination) - Cheap
        
        Confirm positives with ELISA
        
        Better option must just be to test all with ELISA so you don' t waste time and you can start earlier
        
        Culture tracheal/sinus swabs: takes 3 weeks but can also do antibiogram testing
      - Control (Major Economic importance)
        
        Purchase MG free DOC
        
        Consider slaughter of positives
        
        Pedigree Flocks- ERADICATE
        
        Bio security
        
        Buy negative chicks
        
        monitor every 5 weeks the RSAP or ELISA, confirm with PCR or culture
        
        Cull if positive
        
        Breeder Flocks
        
        Boisecurity
        
        monitor every 5 weeks with RSPA & ElLISA and confirm with Culture or PCR
        
        Best to cull, if losses too bad- Treat
    - - Epidemiology
        
        Faster spread + more infectious than MG
      - Sx (IP 1-3w)
        
        Disease of Joints + Respiratory Tract
        
        Arthritic Form: Infectious Synovitis
        
        Lameness at 4-12w
        
        Swollen joints
        
        Breast blisters
        
        Retarded growth
        
        Respiratory Form
        
        Air sacculitis
        
        Pale, shrunken comb
        
        Enlarged spleen
        
        Enlarged liver- greenish
        
        Swollen kidneys, thymic + bursal atrophy
        
        No significant drop in egg production
      - DDs
        
        Mycoplasma gallisepticum
        
        Viral arthritis (Reovirus), Staph arthritis
        
        OR, Systemic pasteurella / E coli
      - Dx
        
        No pathognomonic lesions
        
        Screening with RSPA - Cheap
        
        ELISA
        
        Culture
        
        PCR of joint fluid / swab- expensive but reliable
      - Tx
        
        Long term ABx in feed (Tylosin, Aivlosin, Tiamulin)
        
        Vaccination
  - - - S. Pullorum (SP) ⬇
        
        PD- PULLORUM DISEASE / BWD (Bacillary white diarrhoea
        
        CS
        
        Decreased hatchability / dead / sick chicks in hatchery
        
        Droopy, ruffled chicks huddled under broders
        
        Dyspnoea / laboured breathing
        
        Pasty vents
        
        Swollen hocks
        
        DDs
        
        Dehydration
        
        PM (Similar to SG but in chicks)
        
        Septicaemic carcass
        
        White nodules in heart & lung
        
        Splenomegaly, hepatitis with white foci
        
        Purulent arthritis of hock joints
        
        Control
        
        Biosecurity Limit movement of birds and people. Dispose of mortalities and clean the house
        
        Vaccination
        
        Dx
        
        Hx, Cx, PM
        
        Confirm via Isolation of bacteria liver and spleen swab
      - S. Gallinarium (SG)
        
        FT- FOWL TYPHOID 💀➡
        
        CS(4-6d)
        
        Depressed, ruffled feathers
        
        Yellow mucoid diarrhoea
        
        ⬇ egg production
        
        Pale combs
        
        Possible high flock mortality
        
        PM
        
        Swollen, friable, dark bronze bile stained liver. May contain necrotic foci
        
        Enlarged spleen + kidneys
        
        Grey lungs (anaemic) May see microabscesses
        
        Catharral enteritis, may contain ulceration. May see caecal cores
        
        Dx
        
        Bacterial isolation and serotyoing
        
        Control
        
        Prevent with live / modified live vaccine @ 10-18w
        
        Live vaccines: SG9R / OBP Fowl Typhoid
        
        Injected (not very effective in water)
        
        Eradication difficult- Tx with ABx
        
        BIOSECUIRITY!
        
        Test grandparents, don't treat, seek eradication rather
        
        Place imported birds under quarantine
        
        No egg trade
        
        DDs (nodular lesions in organs)
        
        Marek's disease
        
        Signalment
        
        Laying hens
        
        Tx: Quinilones in water in feed
        
        Monitoring
        
        WBAT, RSPA, if + fpr both ➡ ELISA
        
        South African Salmonella Reduction Plan
        
        Immunize all chickens except Grandparents and pedigree flocks
        
        Regular monitoring esp 3wks before slaughter in broilers
        
        Report of + test for both
    - - Younger birds
      - Public health risk
      - S. enteriditis 👩🏾
        
        Dx:
        
        Hx, Cx, PM, confrim with isolation, culture and serotyping
        
        Tx: AB, doesn't eliminate still get carriers
        
        request antibiogram
        
        Cx:subclinical
        
        diarrhoea
        
        poor growth and weakness
        
        egg transmission
        
        Poor grotwth
        
        Drooping wings
        
        Closed eyes/blindness
        
        arthritis
        
        Sx: young birds
        
        PM. variable
        
        Enteritis
        
        Ompholitis
        
        Purulent arthritis
        
        Air saccultis
        
        Control
        
        Monitor breeding flock every 5-10 weeks
        
        SRP, same as gallinarium
        
        Serology: RSPA & ELISA
        
        Routine culture of house dust, litter & DOA chicks
        
        biosecurity
  - - - Sx
        
        Progressive flaccid paresis (legs -> wings -> neck), neck extended forward
        
        Dyspnoea, cardiac + respiratory failure - death
        
        Paralysis of eyelid - diagnostic
      - DDs
        
        Marek's Disease
        
        Lead poisoning in water birds
        
        Drug + chemical toxicities
      - Signalment
        
        2-8w
        
        Poor litter Mng -> chickens eat dead carcasses
        
        Bacterial multiplication in caecae -> toxin realease
      - Tx, Cntrol
        
        Disease is rare in well managed flock
    - - PM
        
        Gas filled loop of intestine - filled with brown, watery content and gas bubbles.
        
        Haemorrhagic enteritis, fibronecrotic enteritis, deep ulcers
        
        Necrotic liver
        
        Haemorrhagic spleen
        
        Perforation of ulceration -> peritonitis
      - Predisposing factors
        
        Coccidiosis
        
        Immunodeficiencies: IBD, MD, CIA
        
        Ascarid migration
      - Sx
        
        Droopy, dark coloured diarrhoea, severe emaciation
        
        Acute
        
        May see acute death
        
        Subclinical
        
        Reduced weight, growth rate, impaired FCR
      - Dx
        
        Gut smears
      - Tx
        
        Present with coccidia
        
        Pot. sulphonamides
        
        Zinc Bactracin - feed additives
      - Prevention
        
        Avoid drastic feed changes and high wheat, barley, rye, fishmeal
    - - Sx (12-24h)
        
        Gangrenous skin, cellulitis- esp thighs, wings, wattles
        
        Sudden mortality
      - PM
        
        Emphysematous / sanguinous cellulitis
        
        Splenomegaly or hepatomegaly with necrotic foci in the liver
  - - - Predisposing cause
        
        ANY STRESS
      - Sx
        
        Polyserositis (Airsacculitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, perihepatitis, synovitis
    - - Sx
        
        Unresorbed yolk sac, contains vascularization
    - - Bacterial isolation & serotyping- FRESH SAMPLES (air sacs, lungs, liver, heart / oviduct / yolk sac)
    - - Antiobiogram and MIC (remember withdrawal times)
        
        In feed medication
        
        Broilers: Fosfomycin, Doxycycline (Avoid in broilers -> resistance)
        
        Layers: Mycoplamacide
        
        Water medication (done first)
    - - Hygeine
        
        nest box, discard floor eggs, disinfect eggs
        
        Disinfected water, chlorinated. Nipple drinkers > bell
      - Chicks from mycoplasma free flocks with good maternal immunity
  - - - Swollen head + eyes. Seromucoid ocular + nasal discharge
      - Drop in egg production
      - Sneezing, dyspnoea
      - Usually clears up in 2-3w, may be complicated by E coli / mycoplasma
    - - Swollen head = Newcastle
    - - Vaccination: doesn't prevent infection but decreases CS + shedding
        
        Bacterin vaccine: only breeders 8-12w and layers 12-18w
      - Medicated H20 for 5-7d: Sulphonamides, Floroquinolones, Doxy
    - - Cattarrhal / muco purulent inflammation of nasal passages
      - Mild tracheitis
    - - Hx of positive farm
      - Isolation + serotyping
      - Retrospective Dx after Tx with sulphas
    - - Controlled exposure / seeding / firing
      - vaccination before 18 weeks (12 & 16 weeks)
  - - - Swollen head, nasal + ocular discharged. Cyanosis & swollen wattles.
      - Foetid Green diarrhoea
        
        DD: Velogenic Newcastle
      - Laboured breathing
      - Lameness, swollen hocks
      - Severe, acute drop in egg production
      - Chronic = abscessation of wattles, otitis media, conjunctivitis, purulent arthritis
    - - Septicaemia (petechiae, necrotic liver, splenomegaly)
      - Tracheitis, lung oedema, enteritis
    - - Blood smears- acute
      - Bacterial isolation
      - PCR typing
    - - Water ABx: Suphas, Quinolones, Tetracyclines
      - Follow up with in feed meds after antibiogram results
      - Valuable breeding stock- inject with streptomycin / dihydrostreptomycin
- - - - Ax:
        
        Lack of exercise
        
        high tannin diets
    - - Cx
        
        Sit on hock
        
        use wings to move
        
        Ataxic
      - Causes
        
        Subluxation of vetebrae
        
        osteomyelitis
      - DDs
        
        Riboflavin deficiency
        
        Mareks
- - - - Poor temp maintenance
      - Poor management of feeders and drinkers
    - - No Tx, mortality ~100%: humanely cull
    - - Cannot right itself when placed on back
    - - Young parent flocks
    - - Empty crop
      - Normal organs. Gall bladder may be distended with bile staining of adjacent organs
      - Poor weight & body condition
    - - Omphalitis, yolk sac infection, Asper
  - - - High altitude
      - Rapid growth / cold weather -> increased O2 requirements
      - Overheating -> O2 burned up -> Hypoxia
      - Poor ventilation / high ammonia / dust
      - Poor Genetics
      - Previous respiratory disease -> pulmonary damage
    - - Distended abdomen
      - Congested / red abdominal skin, cyanosis
      - Dyspnoea
      - Recumbency, reluctance to move
      - Mortalities may be seen before Sx
    - - Ascites- yellow + fibrin clots
      - Hydropericardium, RVD, VC + RA filled with blood
      - Severe congestion + oedema of lungs
      - Enlarged liver with adherent fibrin strands. May progress to cirrhosis
      - Congested muscle / carcass (yellow normally)
    - - Rapidly growing birds
    - - Improve ventilation, prevent respiratory disease
      - Good temp control, prevent cold temp at high altitude!
      - Lighting programs: more dark periods to slow down growth
      - Feed diets lower in energy, protein & salt. Mash instead of pellets to decrease intake.
  - - - Metabolic Disorder: predisposition for cardiac arrhythmias Heart rate increases astronomically during a stressful event -> acute death
    - - Healthy, fast growing birds
      - Birds in good condition found throughout the house on their side
    - - Sudden death after a short convulsion - "Flips"
    - - No specific macro lesions (Neg PM) , Dx made on clinical presentation and micro cardiac lesions
      - On PM, bird will have good BCS, feed in GI tract, congested carcass. Sudden death in systole -> contracted ventricles with blood filled atria - Bullet shaped heart
    - - Prevent by decreasing the growth rate in first 3w- Dim lights? Consider for smaller farmers but not really practical on commercial farms
      - Lower E diet, mash feeding
      - Avoid unnecessary disturbances
    - - RVD
- - - - Epidemiology
        
        Sporulate in warm temps with moisture and O2
        
        Species specific
      - EIMERIA ACERVULINA (mod pathogenic)
        
        Duodenum
        
        Chronic, erosive disease: White, irregular linear lesions
        
        Poor feed absorption / FCR, poor growth
      - EIMERIA MAXIMA (mod pathogenic)
        
        Jejunum
        
        Discrete, focal haemorrhage with mucoid yellow gut content
      - EIMERIA TENELLA (Highly pathogenic)
        
        Caecae = Haemorrhagic typhlitis. Thickened caecal wall with core of cellular debris and oocycts
        
        Haemorrhagic typhlitis -> severe aneamia
      - EIMERIA NECATRIX (only in "old broilers" -> >8w)
        
        Jejunum
        
        Balooning of intestine
        
        DD= Necrotic enteritis
      - Dx
        
        Confirm with intestinal scrape: unsporolated oocysts (will be sporulated in a voided faecal smear)
        
        Sporulated oocytss in voided feaces
      - Control
        
        Coccidiostats: Ionophores as prophylactics in feed.
        
        Bird may still get coccidiosis if infected with concurrent debilitating disease (Gumboro), wet litter, poor hygeine
        
        Vaccination- for longer lived birds / breeders
        
        If bird is vaccinated, don't use anticoccidials (will kill attenuated spores)
      - Tx
        
        Sulphonamides