Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Biomedical Engineering - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Computed Tomography (CT)
        
        Measure transmission through objects
        
        Ionising radiation (X-rays)
      - Emission Tomography
        
        Ionising Radiation (Gamma-rays)
        
        Measure emission from subject
        
        Relies on the tracer principle(George de Hevesy)
        
        The biological pathway of 'labelled' molecules can be tracked through the body.
        
        Types
        
        Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
        
        Rotating Detector
        
        Uses radioisotopes which decay via emission of 1 gamma ray of energy
        
        Need physical collimation to map points in object to point on detector
        
        Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
        
        Fixed Detector
        
        Uses positron-emitting radionuclides
        
        Detect "coincidences(electronic collimation)
- - - - Practice Competently
      - Exercise Leadership
      - Demonstrate Integrity
      - Promote Sustainability
    - - Utilitarianism
        
        Moral or immoral based on consequences
      - Duty Ethics
        
        Consequences not considered
        
        Greatest importance is on the fairness and consistency of the decision process
      - Ethical Egoism
        
        Focus on self and own interests
      - Rights Ethics
        
        Consequences not considered
        
        Focus is on the process used for decision making
        
        Upholds the rights of all parties to the decision
      - Virtue Ethics
        
        Motivated by the virtues of perseverance, courage, compassion, and self-regard
        
        Morality & Decision makes's character > Outcome
  - - - Design Control
        
        Design Inputs
        
        Regulatory
        
        Customer
        
        Corporate
        
        Risk Assessment
        
        Standards
        
        Design Outputs
        
        Verification
        
        Validation
        
        Design History File (DHF)
        
        Device Master Record (DMR)
        
        Design Transfer
        
        Technical File
      - Medical Recalls
        
        Boston Scientifica - ProteGen Mesh
        
        Depuy - ASR Hip
        
        Allergen - Biocell Implant
        
        Abbott Labs - Radio Pacemaker
      - Sleep Apnoea
        
        A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine
- - - - Where the action potential starts
    - - Where the action potential ends up
      - Neurotransmitters are released to move the action potential to the next neuron
    - - Body of the neuron
    - - Insulating layer, which helps the degradation of the electrical signal
    - - Receive electrical signals travel through neuron
  - - - Chemically (ligand)-gated
      - Voltage-gated
      - Mechanically-gated
    - - Any stimulus that opens a grated channel can cause a small and often localised change in potential difference
  - - - Humerus(Long Bone)
      - Frontal Bone(Flat Bone)
      - Vertebra(Irregular Bone)
      - Patella(Sesamoid Bone)
      - Carpals(Short Bone)
      - Bone Cells
        
        Osteoblasts
        
        Osteocytes
        
        Osteoclasts
    - - Amphiarthroses(Cartilaginous joints)
        
        Slight movement
      - Diarthroses(Synovial joints
        
        Free movementt
      - Synarthroses(Fibrous joints)
        
        No movement
      - Arthritis
  - - - Interaction between receptor signals and sarcoplasmic reticulum
      - Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and transient increase of Ca2+ concentration in the myoplasm
      - Receptor-mediated detection of changes in membrane potential
      - Spread of the potential throughout the transverse tubule system(T-tubule system)
      - Initiation and propagation of an action potential along the plasma membrane
    - - Rigor
      - Cross-bridge detachment
      - Myosin head pivoting
      - Myosin reactivation
      - Cross-bridge formation
  - - - Visceral pericardium
      - Myocardium
      - Endocardium
- - - - Biomaterial
        
        Material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body
        
        Properties
        
        Biocompatibility
        
        Mechanical properties
        
        Degradation
        
        Easy to fabricate
        
        Types
        
        Polymers
        
        Biocomposites
        
        Bioceramics
        
        Biologically derived materials
        
        Metal
        
        Biofabrication
        
        3D printing with biological molecules and cells
        
        3D Bioprinting
      - Cells
        
        Produces protein and provides function of cells
        
        Gives tissue reparative properties
        
        Living part of tissue
      - Biomolecules
        
        Growth factors for cell growth and function
        
        Factors promoting vascularisation
        
        Molecules that attract the cell types of interest
    - - Hard Tissues
        
        Bone
      - Soft Tissues
        
        Liver
        
        Cartilage
        
        Brain
        
        Skin
    - - Emerged as a discipline dedicated to the study of the effects of mechanical forces and geometry on cell growth, motility, and functionality
      - Engineering Strategies
        
        Using hydrogels as platforms to mimic the cell microenvironment with tailorable physical cues
- - - - Almost all 'nanomaterials in medicine' currently explored
      - Interaction with living cells and tissues
        
        In vitro cell culture
        
        Culture the cells in the presence of nanoparticles
        
        In vivo administration
        
        Inhalation
        
        Skin
        
        Ingestion
        
        Intravenous
        
        Intraperitoneal
        
        Intracerebroventricular
      - Opsonization
        
        The bane of all intravenous nanoparticles delivery for in vivo applications
      - Ligand-receptor interaction
        
        The 'key' in active targeting
        
        Ligand
        
        Any molecule or substance that interacts with a matching receptor molecule
        
        Receptor
        
        A protein molecule either on the surface or in a cell that interacts with matching ligands
      - Drug Delivery
        
        Conventional Systematic Delivery
        
        Drug is distributed through the bloodstream throughout the whole body
        
        Targeted Delivery
        
        Less side effects
        
        More effective treatment for a given does of drugs
      - Biosensing
        
        To see the morphology of biological matter(cells, tissue) and to tell if they're normal or abnormal
        
        To sense and distinguish particular cells or tissue from normal cells
      - Gold Nanoparticle
        
        Can administrate into local tumor while minimizing non-specific distribution
        
        Can be activated through near-infrared (NIR) laser beams and create the ability to penetrate deep into biological tissues
    - - Very small particles
      - Very high surface area to volume ratio
      - Some materials have weird properties when in the nanoscale
- - - - To measure a patient’s blood pressure
  - - - Operation Method
      - Material
  - - - The importance of blood flow in thrombotic diseases and medical device clotting
    - - Flaws
        
        Expensive
        
        Not sufficiently incorporate physical factors
        
        Bulky
        
        Large sample volume
        
        Long process time
      - Disease and drugs screening
        
        Systemic Disease
        
        Diabetes mellitus
        
        Obesity
        
        Platelet Function Disorder
        
        Bernard-soulier syndrome
        
        Auto Immune Disorder
        
        Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
        
        New Disease
        
        COVID-19
- - - - Ataxic
      - Dyskinetic
      - Mixed Types
      - Spastic
    - - Diplegia/Bilateral
      - Hemiplegia/Unilateral
      - Quadriplegia/Bilateral
  - - - Big data
        
        Genetics
        
        Registers
        
        Bioinformatics
        
        Clinical text mining
      - Causal models
        
        In-vivo
        
        Computational (risk & health economics
    - - Imaging & Analytics
        
        Physiological NICU data
        
        MRI & Ultrasound
      - Pregnancy & Newborn Care
        
        Low birthweight, pre-eclampsia, infection, seizures
        
        Resuscitation
        
        Stem cell therapies
    - - Mobility
      - Speech & Communication
    - - Neural interfaces
        
        Mobility & Pain
        
        Continence
        
        Touch & Proprioception
      - Stem cells
        
        Stem cell delivery
        
        MRI guided
        
        Focused ultrasound
        
        Growth factors
        
        3D printed neural tissue
    - - AI & ML Regulation
        
        IEEE standards
        
        internetsociety.org
        
        Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Regulation
      - Inclusive design & Regulation
        
        Remarkable
        
        Engineering design centers
        
        Medical device regulators: FDA, TUV
  - - - Ohms Law: IR
      - Total Current = ∑𝑛 𝑖𝑛
    - - Finger Pulse Oximeter
      - Pacemaker
- - - - Circadian Rhythm (Process C)
        
        Input in the form of light through the eyes
        
        Regulated by body clock(suprachiasmatic nucleus) located in the hypothalamus of the brain
        
        Output as arousal(alertness)
      - Sleep-wake homeostasis (Process S)
        
        Timer of how long since last sleep
        
        Generates sleep drive or sleep pressure
    - - Stages
        
        N2
        
        Light sleep
        
        N3
        
        Slow-wave sleep or deep sleep
        
        N1
        
        Transition between wake and sleep
        
        Easy to wake from, may not be aware sleep
        
        REM
        
        Dreaming usually occurs during REM
        
        % REM sleep increases throughout the night
      - Hypnogram
        
        Method of visualising and summarising the pattern of sleep cycles and shifts between sleep stages
        
        Sleep architecture
    - - Total sleep time decreases with age
      - Reduced sleep efficiency with age
      - Takes longer to fall asleep
      - More waking at night
    - - Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence
        
        Narcolepsy
      - Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake
      - Sleep Related Breathing Disorders
        
        Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
      - Disorders
        
        Shiftwork Disorder
      - Insomnia
      - Parasomnias
        
        Sleep-walking
      - Sleep Related Movement Disorders
        
        Restless legs syndrome
    - - Objective Measures
      - Self-Report
        
        Sleep Diaries
        
        Standardised Questionnaires
        
        Stylised Questions
  - - - Methods
        
        Reduced EEG
        
        Oximeters
        
        Reduced PSG
        
        Actigraphy
        
        Polysomnogram
        
        ECG
        
        Mattress Pads
      - Challenges
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Therapy monitoring
- - - - Prosthesis
        
        Typically modelled using computer aided design (CAD)
      - Anatomy
        
        Commonly rather complicated
        
        Cannot be modelled in CAD
    - - No symmetry
      - Multiple parts and interfaces
      - Irregular shape, non-uniform curves
      - Differences between individuals
    - - Higher accuracy
      - Capture material properties
      - Enables patient-specific studies
    - - Solid Modelling
      - Numerical Analysis - Finite element analysis
      - Data Acquisition
  - - - Kinetics
      - Static
      - Kinematics
      - Fluid Dynamics
    - - Static Formulas
      - Stress-strain Curves
      - Free Body Diagram
- - - - TGA
      - CE
      - FDA
    - - Build it the same way every time
  - - - French company founded in 1991 that produced silicone gel breast implants
      - What happened?
        
        Around 300,000 women in 65 countries have received PIP implants
        
        The implants had double the rupture rate of other implants
        
        Were not found to be toxic or carcinogenic
      - Cost
        
        Poly Implant Prosthese no longer exists
        
        TUV Rheinland ordered to pay compensation to hundreds of women
        
        The CEO sentenced to four years in prison and forced to pay a fine of €75,000 for fraud
      - Aftermath
        
        The ongoing trial raises questions about whether TUV Rheinland was ordered to pay hundreds of women compensation to remove implants 18 years after the scandal.
- - - - Central NS
        
        Brain
        
        Spinal cord
      - Peripheral NS
  - - - Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS)
    - - Deep Brain Stimulation
    - - Bionic Eye