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Sarah Hernandez P.6 Lymphatic/Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Sarah Hernandez P.6
Lymphatic/Immune System
Humoral and Cellular Response
Humoral Response:
Antigen presenting macrophages bind to T cells and stimulate B cells- adaptive immunity
Cellular Response:
Cytotoxic T cells destroys infected cells; signals apoptosis- innate immunity
Passive v. Active Immunity
immunity: acquired by natural events or induced artificially
active immunity:
obtained through antigen exposure; long lasting immunity, antibodies and memory B cells are produced
passive immunity:
receiving antibodies without antigen exposure; short term immunity; no antibody or memory B cell production
Major functions of the lymphatic and immune system
Lymphatic System
: secondary circulatory system
vessels collect and carry away excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces and returns to the blood
lymph nodes: spaced along lymphatic vessels, contains lymphocytes= defends body v. disease
Immune System
: response to pathogen exposure through the recognition of antigen protein markers among "self cells" or MHC cells
Cells involved in Immune System+ Functions
B Cells:
Differentiates to a plasma cell and produces antibodies once stimualted
Memory B Cells:
remains dormant until stimulated and later produces plasma cells to differentiate into antibodies
Helper T Cell:
A type of T cell that activates B cells and other T cells
Antibodies:
A protein that cats against antigens; involved in humoral immune response (immunoglobulin)
Memory T cells:
A type of T lymphocyte that provides a quick response to antigens presented in the future
Killer T Cells (Cytotoxic T Cells):
A type of T lymphocyte that kills infected cells
Natural Killer Cells (NK):
Type of lymphocyte that can kill cancer and infected cells, part of innate defenses and second line of defense
Dendritic Cells:
Are antigen presenting cells
Complement:
enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic, promoting inflammation and attack pathogenic membranes
Macrophages:
engulfs antigen presenting cells and presents the antigens to Helper T Cells
Antigen Presenting Cells:
Cells that present antigens on their cell membranes rather than being "self-cells"/
(MHC)
proteins
Artificially v. Naturally Acquired Immunity
natural acquired active immunity:
obtained through antigen exposure; antibodies+ memory B cells are produced from primary immune response
artificially acquired active immunity:
obtained through the use without becoming ill by long term immunity via weak pathogen exposure; memory B cell formation
naturally acquired passive immunity:
antibodies are passed from mother to fetus; short term immunity and memory B cell formation
artificially acquired passive immunity:
involves gamma globulins injection containing antibodies; short term immunity, no immune response, no memory B cells are produced
Location of lymphatic organs and their functions
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
:
lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen
peyer's patches (MALTS)
appendix
Lymph Nodes
: (encapsulated lymphatic organ)centers of lymphocyte production
-located /occurs in chains along parts of larger lymphatic vessels
-not found in CNS
-major concentrations: cervical, thoracic, auxiliary, abdominal, pelvic/inguinal regions
Tonsils
: consists of lymphatic tissues such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells
-an
unencapsulated lymphatic tissue
Spleen
:
encapsulated lymphatic organ
/ largest lymphatic organ in upper left abdominal cavity
-contains blood instead of lymph, functions to filter blood and removes damaged blood cells/ bacteria
Peyer's Patches (Malts)
: located in digestive organs, is
mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue
Appendix
: compact patches of lymphatic nodules
unencapsulated lymphatic tissue
Primary Lymphoid Organs
:
thymus
red bone marrow
Thymus
: site of T cell maturation
located in the throat, shrinks with age
Red Bone Marrow
: production site for white blood cells for immunity
induces vasodilation for inflammation in immune responses
Purpose/examples of First, Second and Third Line of Defense
First line of Defense
: consists of skin, hair, and mucous membranes to prevent pathogen/ foreign particle entry
Second line of Defense:
nonspecific macrophages, mast cells, basophils and complement system
mast cells produce histamine in area of injury, helps relocate wbcs like macrophages to consume pathogens
Third Line of Defense:
specific/adaptive B/T cells
specific lymphocytes with a targeted response= adaptive immunity
cell mediated
: cytotoxic T cells destroys infected by signaling apoptosis through perforin proteins, causing holes in cell membranes/ lysis
humoral response
: antigen presenting macrophages bind to T cells and stimulate B cell
B cells produce antibodies found in blood, breast milk, saliva, mucous
Innate Immune Defenses + Adaptive Immune Defenses
Innate Immune Defenses
:
nonspecific defenses
guards against many pathogen types; responds quickly
includes species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytes, and fever
Adaptive Immune Defenses
:
specific defenses
respond only against specific pathogen type; slow response
accomplished by specialized lymphocytes: secrete cytokines and antibodies
cytokines
: from helper T cells activate cytotoxic T cells, increases # of identical cells to their clone
Immune System Disorders
hypersensitivity
: excessive immune responses to normally harmless antigens, causes tissue damage
immediate- reaction hypersensitivity (allergy)
: inflammatory response= mucous production, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction
antibody-dependent cytotoxic reactions
: transfusion reaction to mismatched blood
delayed-reaction hypersensitivity
: results from repeated skin exposure to the sun
transplantation
: replaces nonfunctional, damaged or lost body part
transplant recipient immune system may react with foreign antigens of transplanted tissue, causing tissue rejection reactions
autoantibodies
immune system manufactures antibodies; cytotoxic T cells against own antigen tissues causes damage own body tissue
Antigens and Antibodies
Antibodies (immunoglobulins):
constitute gamma globulin fraction of the plasma 5 major antibodies-
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
a protein produced by the immune system to attack a specific antigen not found in a person's cells
Antibody Actions
:
direct attack:
by agglutination, precipitation, neutralization of antigens- makes antigens susceptible to phagocytosis
activation of compliment:
results in inflammation, agglutination, neutralization, or lysis of antigens/ antigen-bearing cells
inflammation:
stimulates local inflammatory changes in are to prevent the spread of pathogens
Antigens:
Anything that causes an immune system response
prior to birth, the body creates "self antigens"
(MHC)
, which is the basis of immune response as they are different than anti-gen presenting cells of a pathogen/ foreign particle