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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Information System Component
        
        A set of interrellated component that collect, manipulated, and disseminate dara and information and provide feedback to meet an objective.
    - - Data (Raw Facts)
        *Information (Collection of facts organized) *Process (Set of logically related tasks)
        *Knowledge (Awareness and understanding of a set of information)
    - - An information system has five key components:
        
        Hardware
        
        Software
        
        Data
        
        Processes
        
        People
    - - INFORMATION:
        
        Integrated components for gathering, storing, processing, and providing knowledge, information, and digital products.
        
        Data is turned into useful information through information systems to aid businesses in making informed decisions.
    - - Information System Component
        
        An information system combines technology, people, and data to provide support for business functions such as order processing, inventory control, human resources, accounting, and many more.
    - - A system is a set of related components that
        produces specific results.
        
        For example, specialized systems route Internet traffic, manufacture microchips, and control
        complex entities.
        
        slide 6(ERIKA)
        
        Every system requires input data.
        
        For example, your computer receives data when
        you press a key or click a menu command.
        
        In an information system, data consists of basic
        facts that are the system’s raw material.
  - - - Slide 18 (Haziq)
        
        Stakeholders are people who are interested in information system.
        
        They are responsible for the users, both inside and outside of the system
        
        And the IT staff members such as programmers, system analysts, network administrator and the ones supporting the system.
        
        SLIDE 19 (JAZRIN)
        
        Each stakeholder group has a vital interest in the information system, but most experienced IT professionals agree that the success or failure of a system usually depends on whether it meets the needs of its users.
      - Process
        
        Describe tasks and business funtions that :green_cross:
        Users
        Managers
        It staff members
        perform to achieve specific results
        
        Building block of information system
        
        Analysts understand business processes and document it carefully = successful information sysyem
    - - Slide 13 (Shahrul)
        
        System Software
        
        a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
        
        The operating system is the best-known example of system software
      - Slide 14(Wardina)
        
        Application Software
        
        programs that direct processing for a
        particular use of computers by end users.
        
        consists of programs that support day
        to day business functions
        
        eg : order processing system
        
        Slide 16(Abdullah)
        
        Example shows a payroll system that
        stores data in four separate tables.
        
        Notice that the linked tables work together to supply 19 different data items to the screen form.
        
        Users, who would not know or care where the data is stored, see an integrated form, which is their window into the payroll system.
      - Slide 12 (Athirah)
        
        Software
        
        programs that control the hardware
        and produce the desired information or results.
        
        components : system software , application software
      - slide 11 (Wan)
        
        Hardware
        
        Everything in the physical layer of the information system.
        
        Example : sever,workstation,telecomunication and etc.
    - - slide 21(ERIKA)
    - - raw material where information system transform to useful information
      - information system:
        
        can store data in various location
        
        called tables
- - - - A process model shows the data that
        flows in and out of system processes.
        
        Inside each process, input data is transformed by business rules that generate the output.
        
        The model, which represents a school registration system, is a called a data flow diagram (DFD) because it uses various symbols and shapes to represent data flow, processing, and storage.
      - SYSTEM ANALYSIS
        
        Slide 30 (Wardina)
        
        purpose : to bulid a logical model of the new system
        
        include requirements modeling where we investigate business processes and document that the new system must do
        to satisfy users.
        
        Slide 31- Mauldorna
        
        fact-finding
        
        technique
        
        interviews
        
        surveys
        
        document review
        
        observation
        
        sampling
        
        the results to build
        
        business models
        
        data and process models
        
        object models
    - - Slide 29 (Shahrul)
        
        System Planning
        
        a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning
        
        System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions
        
        done by people who have faith in the future
      - System Planning
        
        begins with a formal request to the IT department (called systems request)
        
        involve a new information system or the upgrading of an
        existing system
      - Purpose of this phase :
        - perform a preliminary investigation - evaluate an IT-related business opportunity or problem
    - - Structured Analysis
        
        Called a Process_Centered Technique.
        
        because it focuses on processing that information data into useful information.
        
        In addition to modelling the processes.
        
        structured analysis also addresses data organization and structure relational database design.
        
        Uses a set of process model.
        
        To describe a system graphically.
    - - SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
        
        Structured Analysis
        -Traditional method that still widely used
        
        Object-oriented (OO) analysis
        -More recent approach that many analysts prefer
        
        Agile methods
        -Include latest trends in software development
    - - Traditional systems development technique
        
        that is time-tested and easy to understand.
      - Uses a series of phases (SDLC),
        
        to plan, analyze, design, implement, and support an information
        system.
      - A popular systems development method
        
        although evolved many years ago
      - Called a predictive approach
        
        based on an overall plan similar to a blueprint for constructing a
        building, so it is called a predictive approach.
    - - Structure Analysis :
        ( SDLC model )
        
        System Planning
        
        System Analysis
        
        System Design
        
        system Implementation
        
        Support and Security
  - - - Slide 34 (Haziq)
        
        System Design
        
        To create a physical model that satisfies the documented requirement for the system.
        
        It is necessary in this stage to identify; outputs, inputs and processes
        
        In addition, not to forget the design of internal and external controls to which also includes digital or manual features that guarantees the system to be reliable, accurate, maintainable and secure.
        
        SLIDE 35 (JAZRIN)
        
        During this phase, you also determine the application architecture, which programmers will use to transform the logical design into program modules and code.
        
        The deliverable for this phase is the system design specification, which is presented to management and users for review and approval. Management and user involvement is critical to avoid any misunderstanding about what the new system will do, how it will do it, and what it will cost.
      - Slide 40 (Dominic)
        
        Object-Oriented Analysis
        
        Object oriented analysis
        
        combined data and the process that act on the data into things called object.
        
        System analyst use O-O
        
        to model real-world business processes and operation.
        
        The result is:
        
        a set of software object that represent actual people, things, transaction, and event.
        
        Using an O-O programming language, a programmer then writes the code that creates the object.
      - Slide 38 (Gibson)
        
        STRUCTURED ANALYSIS
        
        System Support and Security
        -IT staff maintains,enhances and protects the system during the system support and security phase
        -Maintanence changes correct errors and adapt to changes in the environment
        -Enhancements provide new features and benefits
        -objective: maximize return on the IT investment
      - slide 39 (catherine)
        
        SYSTEMS SUPPORT AND SECURITY
        
        Security controls safeguard the system from both external and internal threats.
        
        A well-designed system must be secure, reliable, maintainable, and scalable.
        
        A scalable design can expand to meet new business requirements and volumes.
        
        Information systems development is always a work in progress.Business processes
        change rapidly,and most information systems need to be updated significantly or
        replaced after several years of operation.
      - slide 36 (ARIF)
        
        • SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION
        
        During the systems implementation phase, the new system is constructed
        
        Whether the developers use structured analysis or O-O methods, the
        procedure is the same — programs are written, tested, and documented, and
        the system is installed.
        
        SLIDE 37(ERIKA)
        
        The objective of the systems implementation phase: To deliver a completely
        functioning and documented information system.
        
        conclusion of this phase, the system is ready for use.
        
        Final preparations include converting data to the new system’s files, training users, and performing the actual transition to the new system.
        
        includes an assessment, called a
        systems evaluation , to determine whether the system operates properly and if costs and benefits are within expectations.
        
        If the system was purchased as a package, systems analysts configure the
        software and perform any necessary modifications.
      - System analysis
        
        The dielivarable for the systems analysis phase is
        
        The system requirement document
        
        The system requirement document describes:
        
        Costs and benefits
        
        outlines alternative development strategies
        
        Management and user requirements
  - - - Slide 49 (Haziq)
        
        AGILE METHODS
        
        A software development approach based on iterative development to which iterative parts do not involve long term planning.
        
        It involves an intense interaction between the developers and individual users to which does not begin with an overall objective.
        
        Instead, the end result is determined by the agile process.
        
        SLIDE 50 (JAZRIN)
        
        AGILE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY:
        
        Design: the sequence for introducing functions and identifies the essential tools software development teams can prototype the expected user interface.
        
        Development and coding: the team develops the product itself.The initial release is likely to undergo many changes to provide improved functionality and new features.
        
        Integration and testing: the product becomes available to consumers, so the team must conduct a series of tests to ensure that the software is fully functional. If potential bugs or flaws are found, the developers will fix them immediately. they also collected consumer feedback.
        
        Implementation and deployment:The software is now fully deployed and available to customers. This action puts him in the maintenance phase. Developers provides ongoing support to keep the system running smoothly and fix any new bugs and further iterations are possible to update an existing product or add other functionality.
        
        Brainstrom: requirement analysis
        
        slide 52 (ERIKA)
        
        Disadvantages of Agile model
        
        lack of emphasis on necessary designing and documentation.
        
        the large software deliverable is difficult to assess the effort required at the beginning of the software development life cycle.
        
        The project can easily get taken off track if the customer representative is not clear
        what final outcome that they want.
        
        Only senior programmers are capable of taking the kind of decisions required during the
        development process. Hence it has no place for newbie programmers, unless combined
        
        SLIIDE 51 ( ARIF)
        
        • Advantages of Agile model
        
        Customer satisfaction by rapid, continuous delivery
        of useful software.
        
        People and interactions are emphasized rather
        than process and tools. Customers, developers and
        testers constantly interact with each other.
        
        Working software is delivered frequently (weeks
        rather than months)
        
        Face-to-face conversation is the best form of
        communication.
        
        Close, daily cooperation between business people
        and developers.
        
        Continuous attention to technical excellence and
        good design.
        
        Regular adaptation to changing circumstances.
        
        Even late changes in requirements are welcomed
        
        Slide 48(Syazwan)
        
        AGILE METHODS
        
        Breaking projects down into little bits of user funtionality called
        
        Prioritizing them
        
        Continuously delivering them in short two week cycles
        
        User stories
      - Slide 41 (Anding)
        
        An object is a member of a class,
        
        An object is a member of a class,
        
        which is a collection of similar objects.
        Objects possess characteristics called properties,
        
        which the object inherits from its class or possesses on its own.
      - AGILE METHODS
        
        Slide 45 (Wardina)
        
        newest development techniques
        
        techniques that attempt to develop system incrementally by building a series of prototypes and constantly adjusting them to user requirements
        
        attempt to produce the proper product through small cross-functional self-organizing teams that produce small pieces of functionality on a regular basis, allowing for frequent customer input and course correction as needed.
        
        Slide 46(Mauldorna)
        
        while the process continue, developers will
        
        revise
        
        extend
        
        merge earlier versions into the final product
        
        a time boxed where iterative approach to software delivery
        
        the practice of fixing the iteration end date and not allowing it to change.
    - - Slide 44 (Shahrul)
        
        Object-Oriented Analysis
        
        a technical approach for analyzing and designing an application, system, or business by applying object-oriented programming
        
        a method used to plan, design, and implement object-oriented software.
      - OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS
        
        built-in processes called methods can change an object’s properties.
        
        Example : Web-Based catalog store
        
        a CUSTOMER object clicks to place, confirm, or cancel the order.
        
        an ORDER object might have a property called STATUS that changes when,
        
        a system as a group of interacting objects.
      - Slide 42 (Wan)
        
        the class called PERSON include :
        INSTRUCTOR and STUDENT
        
        Because the PERSON class has a property called Address, a STUDENT inherits the address property.
        
        a STUDENT also has a property called Major,
        that is not shred by other members of the PERSON class.
    - - When to use Agile?
        
        Can afford to iterative and don't need to deliver fully functional software at once
        
        -you/your client have a complex bureaucracy that delays decision
        
        -clients don't have a fixed budget/schedule
        
        -can't estimate the time you'll need and don't know the full scope of requirements
        
        -have unlimited access to your customer wh0's ready for extensive involvement
        -don't have trouble updating their software
  - - - Slide 4 (Haziq)
        
        What is Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
        
        It is the process of application development life-cycle to which are the processes; planning, creating, testing, and deploying information system.
        
        It is a multistep, iterative and structured process.
      - Slide 12 (Anding)
        
        SDLC activities: DEVELOPMENT
        An approved design phase is the catalyst for the next and fourth phase: the
        development of the information system.
        In this phase, the development team is hard at work
        
        writing code and constructing and fine-tuning the technical and physical configurations necessary
        
        to build the overall information system
        
        This is considered by many as the most robust phase in the life cycle as all the labour-intensive efforts are made here, signifying the real start of software production and installation of hardware as necessary.
      - Slide 13 (Dominic)
        
        SDLC activitied: TESTING & INTEGRATION
        
        This phases involves the Quality Assurance (QA) team who is in charge of performing the overall system testing.
        
        to determine if the system solution meets the set of business goals and if it performs as expected.
        
        Additionally, in this phase, all the different components and subsystem of the solution are brought together to bring the whole integrated system alive.
        
        Testing is becoming increasing important as it helps ensure customer satisfaction by establishing that system is fault-free.
        
        Slide 14 (catherine)
        
        Slide 15 (Gibson)
        
        SDLC activities : Maintenance
        
        In this final phase,end users can fine-tune the system as necessary:
        
        **to increase performance
        
        1 more item...
        
        This phase ensures the system remains relevant and usable by:
        
        2 more items...
        
        slide 17 (erika)
        
        TYPE OS LIFE CYCLE MODELS
        
        a. Waterfall model
        b. Spiral Model
        c. Iterative and incremental development
        d. Agile Model
        e. Prototyping model
        f. Rapid Application Development (RAD)
        g. Joint Application Development (JAD)
        
        slide 18 (arif)
        
        WATERFALL MODEL
        
        1 more item...
        
        SDLC activities
        
        After the system is given a green light from the QA
        team, it is brought into a production environment.
        
        In essence, during this phase, the project is
        released to be used and/or installed by end users.
      - Maintenance
        
        Planning
        
        Analysis
        
        Design
        
        Development
        
        1 more item...
    - - Slide 9 (Shahrul)
        
        SDLC activities : Planning
        
        Identification of the system for development.
        
        Feasibility assessment.
        
        Creation of project plan.
        
        Slide 10 (Athirah)
        
        SDLC activities : Analysis
        
        Purpose : understand the business and processing needs of the information
        
        involves gathering requirements for the system
        
        user requirements are determined and documented to determine if the project is feasible.
    - - used as
        
        a conceptual model
        
        procedures and policies necessary
        
        to develop or alter a system throughout a life cycle
      - End result
        
        a high quality system
        
        meets or exceeds customer expectations
        
        time and budget constraints
  - - - Slide 20 (Haziq)
        
        Iterative & Incremental Development
        
        It is a process that is incremental and iterative in design.
        
        The process involves segmenting parts into smaller sections; this is called incremental.
        
        To which each smaller portions will go through repeated cycles to further improve the performance of the part; this is called iterative.
        
        This method is to take advantage of the learning process in the development to further bring that knowledge into future parts of the development.
      - Slide 28 (Anding & Jazrin)
        
        Rapid Application Development (RAD)
        
        Advantages of RAD Model
        
        Requirements can be changed at any time
        
        Encourages and priorities customer feedback
        
        Reviews are quick
        
        Development time is drastically reduced
        
        More productivity with fewer people
        
        Time between prototypes and iterations is short
        
        Integration isn’t a problem, since it integrates from
        project inception
        
        Disadvantages:
        
        This method cannot be a success if the team is not sufficiently motivated and nor is unable to work cohesively together.
        
        Success depends on the extremely high technical skills of the developers.
        
        Only suitable for projects which have a small development time.
        
        Not all application is compatible with RAD.
      - Slide 29 (Dominic)
        
        Joint Application Development (JAD)
        
        Define Objective
        
        Session Preparation
        
        Session Conduct
        
        Documentation
        
        slide 30 (catherine)
        
        slide 31 (Gibson)
        
        Benefits of JAD
        
        **High-quality software -(Can created fast with a low tendency of error)
        
        1 more item...
        
        slide 32 (erika)
        
        2 more items...
        
        JAD is a structured methodology for
        
        Requirements gathering and negotiations
        
        User interface design
        
        Key participants must participate full time (no observe allowed)
        
        End users
        
        Executives
        
        Developers
        
        Goals
        
        Specify the systems details from the business perspective
      - SLIDE 19 (JAZRIN)
        
        Disadvantages of Spiral Model:
        
        It is not suitable for small projects as it is expensive.
        
        It is much more complex than other SDLC models. Process is complex.
        
        Too much dependable on Risk Analysis and requires highly specific expertise.
      - Slide 21(Syazwan)
        
        Methodology is based on iterative and incremental development, where the requirements and solutions evelve thoughout the development process
        
        Main benefits
        
        Continuous planning and feedback during development
        
        Faster ROI
        
        You the client can see the software in action and tweak the requirements
        
        More transparency and better visibility of what is happening
    - - Slide 25 (Shahrul)
        
        Disadvantage :
        
        This model is costly.
        
        It has poor documentation because of continuously changing customer requirements.
        
        There may be too much variation in requirements.
        
        Customers sometimes demand the actual product to be delivered soon after seeing an early prototype.
      - Slide 24 (Wardina)
        
        ADVANTAGES :
        
        Reduce the risk of incorrect user requirements
        
        Functional where requirement are changing
        
        Reduce maintenance cost
        
        Errors can be detected earlier
        
        It can be reused by the developer for more complicated projects in the future
      - Requirements analysis -> quick design -> building prototypes-> Customer evaluation -> Review and updation
      - Slide 26 (Athirah)
        
        Rapid Application Development (RAD)
        
        A rapid application development cycle consists of four steps:
        1. Requirements planning 2. User design 3. System development 4. Implementation
        
        Slide 27 (Wan)
        
        Rapid Application Development (RAD)
        Requirement Planning
        
        consist review of the areas immediately. This will produce a broad definitionof the requirement.
        
        outline system area model (entity and process model ).
        User Design
        
        Detailed analysis of the business activities related to the proposed system.(key user, meetings, decomposing business function)
        
        System procedures are designed and preliminary layouts of screen are developed.
        system Development
        
        Small team of developers, working directly with users, finalizes the design and build the system.
        
        Documantation and instruction necessary to operate the new application , and routines and procedures needed to put the system.
        Implementation
        
        implementing the new system and managing the change from the old system enviroment to the new one.
        -implementing bridges between existing and new systems,converting data & training users.
        
        user acceptance is the end point of the implementation stage.
- - - - Slide 18 (Haziq)
        
        Critical path is a sequence of critical tasks/activities and is the largest path in the project network.
        
        It gives the minimum time to complete the whole project
        
        Each activity is a critical path and if one is delayed then the whole project is delayed.
        
        In this path, Obtain Authorization is the first activity therefore it is a critical path.
        
        Forwarded to Hire Analyst activity, is also a clear path.
        
        Each of the activity is marked with their respective ID to which the ones above are marked with respectively 1 & 2.
        
        Looking at Activity ID 3 & 4, compare the finish day, hence the one with the later date is regarded as another critical path.
        
        To which the whole project ends when the last activity "Announce Training" has finished, this is also counted as a critical path.
        
        Therefore, the Critical path for this diagram is; 1-2-4-5
        
        SLIDE 19 (JAZRIN)
        
        Critical path is a series of task which is if delayed would effect the completion date of overall project.
        Delayed is if any task on the critical path falls behind schedule, the entire project will be delayed.
      - Identify Task Patterns
        
        Task patterns can involve
        
        Multiple successor tasks
        
        Multiple predecessor tasks
        
        Dependent tasks
        
        Tasks performed in a sequence, not unlike the commands in a software program
        
        Arrange in a logical squence called :red_cross:task pattern
    - - Gantt Chart
      - Pert Chart
      - slide 12 (WAN)
        
        Gantt Chart (via Team Gantt)
        
        PERT Chart (via VIsual Paradigm)
    - - Project Monitoring
        
        the process of keeping a close eye on the entire project management life cycle and ensuring project activities are on the right track.
        
        4 Project Monitoring Steps :
        
        Designing an Efficient Plan For Monitoring.
        
        Designing Effective Report Management Mechanism.
        
        Recommendations For Project Improvement.
        
        Ensuring Guidelines And Recommendations Are Followed Accordingly.
    - - PROJECT REPORTING
        
        do a regular process report to management, users & the project team itself
        
        effective report :
        
        strong communication skills
        
        a sense of what others want and need to know about the project
    - - Involve the creation of a specific timetable, usually in the form of chart that show:
        
        tasks,
        
        task dependencies, and
        
        critical task that might delay the project.
        
        Scheduling also involves:
        
        selecting and staffing the project team and
        
        assigning specific tasks to team members
        
        Project scheduling uses:
        
        Gantt charts and
        
        PERT / CPM charts
    - - Planning,Scheduling,Monitoring and Reporting
        
        If one factor changes,adjustments must be made to keep things in balance
        
        Factors :
        
        Budget limits
        
        Time constraints
        
        Quality standards
    - - Project management activities:
        
        Planning
        
        Scheduling
        
        Monitoring
        
        Reporting
    - - Project planning
        
        Project planning schedule
        
        identifying all
        project tasks and
        
        estimating the completion time and cost of each.
    - - First step
        
        Create a work breakdown structure
      - Second step
        
        Identify task patterns
      - third step
        
        Calculate the critical path
    - - PLANNING
        , SCHEDULING,
        MONITORING, AND REPORTING.
        
        A successful project must be:
        
        completed on time,
        
        within budget , and
        
        deliver a quality product
        
        that satisfies users and meets requirements. Project management techniques can be used throughout the SDLC
    - - Pert/CPM chart
        
        PERT Chart is an acronym for Program Evaluation and Review Technique.
      - Gantt chart
        
        A Gantt chart is a type of horizontal bar chart commonly used in project management
        
        a visual view of tasks scheduled overtime.
  - - - Slide 26 (Anding)
        
        A Work Breakdown Structure can show at a glance:
        
        What the various elements of the project are
        
        How the necessary work is distributed between the elements of the project
        
        How the cost or budget is distributed between the elements of the project
        
        How the larger elements of the project are subdivided into smaller ones
        
        But it does not say anything about individual tasks or the order of execution.
        
        Slide 27 (WAN)
        
        Purpose WBS
        
        Identity the work to be done.
        
        Identity the types of resources required for the work.
        
        Develop estimates for each work
        element
        
        identity storage location.
        WBS does not address
        
        who will perform the work.
        
        When the work will be completed.
      - Slide 25 (Dominic)
        
        INTRODUCTION
        
        Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a process of dividing complex object to simpler and manageable tasks.
        
        Usually, the project managers use this method for simplifying the project execution.
        
        In WBS, much larger tasks are broken-down to manageable chunks of work. These chunks can be easily supervised and estimated.
      - Slide 22 (Gibson)
        
        Leadership [The project manager is a key ingredient in the success of a project]
        
        1) Strong leadership ability
        
        2) Ability to develop people
        
        3) Excellent communication skills
        
        4) Good interpersonal skills
        
        1 more item...
      - slide 23 (catherine)
        
        Project Manager
        Project managers typically perform four activities,
        or functions:
        
        planning,
        
        scheduling,
        
        monitoring, and
        
        reporting.
      - Example:
        
        Task 1 - starts on Day 1 and has a duration of 10 days, so the finish date is Day 10.
        Task 2 - which is dependent on Task 1, can start on Day 11 the day after Task 1 starts on Day 1 and has a duration of 10 days, so the finish date is Day 10. Task 2 ends on Day 40, so Tasks 3 and 4 both can start on Day 41.
        Task 3 - has a duration of 5 days, and will end on Day 45.
        Task 4 - has a duration of 25 days, and will not end until Day 65.
        Task 5 - depends on Tasks 3 and 4, which are multiple predecessors. Because Task 5 depends on both tasks, it cannot start until the later of the two tasks is complete.
      - Slide(Syazwan)
        
        What does a project manager do
        
        includes regular progress reports to management, usrs and project team
        
        requires strong communication skills and a sense of what others want and need to know
        
        Project managers typically perform four activities or funtions
        
        Scheduling
        
        monitoring
        
        Planning
        
        reporting
  - - - Slide 40 (Haziq)
        
        A project manager's role is to perform one or more activities which include three key steps:
        
        Create a breakdown structure
        
        Identify task patterns
        
        Calculate the critical path
      - Slide 33 (Athirah)
        
        Slide 34 (shahrul)
        
        Estimating Task Duration
        
        Pessimistic (P): Worst-case scenario.
        
        Most likely (M): Usual scenario.
        
        Formula : (O + 4M + P) / 6 .
        
        Optimistic (O): Best-case scenario.
        
        ESTIMATING TASK DURATION
        
        involves the estimation of the amount of time required by a certain project activity given the available resources.
        
        There are three time estimates for each
        task:
        - best-case estimate (B) - probable-case estimate (P) - worst-case estimate (W)
      - Slide 35 : PROJECT MANAGEMENT
        
        Project Manager Job
        
        Slide 36 (Wardina)
        
        project planning
        
        identifying all project tasks and estimating the completion time and cost of each
        
        Slide 37(Mauldorna)
        
        project scheduling
        
        A schedule also usually includes a planned start and finish date, duration, and resources assigned to each activity
        
        uses Gantt chart and PERT/CPM chart
      - Slide 55 (Syazwan)
        
        Critical Path Method (CPM)
        
        Precedence: activities B and C precede Activity E
  - - - Gantt CHART with Microsoft Project
        
        Finish-to-finish (FF)
        
        The finish date of the predecessor task determines the finish date of the successor task.
        
        Task require specific equipment must end when the equipment rental period ends.
        
        Start-to-finish (SF)
        
        The start date of the predecessor task determines the finish date of the successor task.
        
        The time when the print run is scheduled determines when a binder selection task must end
    - - Slide 51(Shahrul)
        
        PERT/CPM Chart
        
        creating a project schedule, planning costs, scheduling resources and controlling a project to keep it on schedule.
        
        When combined, they result in a more conservative view of the duration of tasks and activities.
      - PERT/CPM chart
        
        a bottom-up technique
        
        analyses a large, complex project as a series of individual tasks.
        
        To create a Pert Chart, we must identify the project tasks and estimate how much time each task will
        take to perform
    - - Gantt Chart with Microsoft Project
        
        Finish-to-start (FS)
        
        The finish date of the predecessor task determines the start date of the successor task.
        
        Example: A book chapter must be written before it can be edited
        
        Start-to-start (SS)
        
        The start date of the predecessor task determines the start date of the successor task.
        
        Example: Ordering prepress and ordering paper are closely related, and they should occur simultaneously
    - - Gantt Chart With Microsoft Project
        Project 2013 Program Window
    - - Work breakdown structure (WBS) involves breaking a project down into a series of smaller task. There are two primary chart types:
        
        Gantt charts
        
        PERT/CPM charts
    - - Gantt Chart with Microsoft Project
        
        Linking task
        
        Although this might sound complicated, tasks can
        have one of only four types of task relationships.
    - - Gantt charts
        
        On a Gantt chart you can easily see:
        
        The start date of the project
        
        What the project tasks are
        
        Who is working on each task
        
        When tasks start and finish
        
        How long each task will take
        
        How tasks group together, overlap and link with each other
        
        The finish date of the project.
    - - Gantt Chart
        
        Display five tasks in a vertical array,
        
        horizontal axis, time can be shown as elapsed time.
        
        complex project,we can called task group.
  - - - Slide 58 (Haziq)
        
        The first step is events are combined into a coherent whole to provide a specified importance on each activity.
        
        "Dummy" activities are added if necessary
        
        SLIDE 60 (JAZRIN)
        
        Critical path method (CPM) is a technique where you identify tasks that are necessary for project completion and determine scheduling flexibilities. A critical path in project management is the longest sequence of activities that must be finished on time in order for the entire project to be complete.
    - - NETWORK TECHNIQUES
        
        Program Evaluation and Review Technique(PERT)
        
        developed by the US Navy with Booz Hamilton Lockheed on the Polaris Missile/Submarine
        program 1958
        
        Critical Path Method(CPM)
        
        developed by El Dupont for
        Chemical Plant Shutdown
        Project
        
        Slide 53 (Mauldorna)
        
        CPM is the longest sequence of activities that must be finished on time to complete the entire project.
        
        Example
        
        both techniques use same calculations (almost similar)
        
        difference : probabilistic & deterministic in time estimation
        
        use Gantt chart in scheduling
  - - - Slide 69 (Anding)
        
        Summary: CPM Steps
        
        List all activities and expected durations.
        
        Construct CPM diagram for activities list.
        
        Determine EARLIEST start time for each event (working
        forward from project start).
        
        Determine LATEST start time for each event (working
        backwards from project end).
        
        Identify the CRITICAL PATH (and the ‘float’ time for any
        non-critical activities).
      - Slide 65 (Dominic)
        
        Last steps: This project cannot be completed in less than 9 weeks given the expected duration of the activities.
        
        However, activities B & D could be delayed or extended by up to 2 weeks each without affecting the minimum project completion time. This is termed "float" or "slack" time.
      - Slide 63 (Gibson)
        
        The latest starting time of each activity is associate with the events .It corresponds to longest time of any path from any subsequent event.
      - slide 64 (catherine)
        
        Critical Path Mode (CPM)
        
        The CRITICAL PATH is the path along which the earliest time and latest time are the same for all events, and the early start time plus activity time for any activity equals the early start time of the next activity.
      - slide 62 (erika)
        
        Critical Path Method (CPM)
        
        The EARLIEST starting time of each activity is associated with the events. It corresponds to the longest time of any path from any previous event.
    - - Using Estimate of activity times
        
        optimistic time (Ts) (Shortest time) with any activity - can be done shortly.
        
        pessimistic time (Tl) (longest time) any activity - it take a long time to finish
        
        (Tm) - any activity can calculated the time be finish
        -Tm are parameters describing a Beta distribution.
  - - - Slide 73(Shahrul)
        
        Pert Estimate = (Optimistic + (4 X Most Likely) + Pessimistic)/6.
      - Using Estimates of Activity times
        
        estimated time TEST is calculated as:
        TEST = (TS + 4.TM + TL)/6
        
        the variance:
    - - GANTT CHART vs PERT/CPM CHART
        
        GANTT CHART
        
        offers a valuable snapshot view of the project
        
        often used for smaller projects
        
        simpler and more straightforward
        
        focus on the time required to complete task
        
        PERT/CPM CHART
        
        more useful for scheduling, monitoring and controlling the actual work
        
        project manager can convert task start and finish times to actual dates by laying out the entire project on a calendar
        
        displays complex task patterns and relationships
        
        use for large and complex projects
        
        focus on dependency of relationships