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Immune System by Klaus Ramirez period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Immune System by Klaus Ramirez period 5
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
; Lymphatic tissue contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and other
Unencapsulated lymphatic tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems is called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Thymus
; Shrinks in size during the lifetime; large in children, small in adults, replaced by adipose & connective tissue in the elderly. Lobules contain lymphocytes, some of which mature into T cells or T lymphocytes, that leave the thymus to provide immunity.
Lymph Nodes
; Lymph nodes are located in groups or chains along lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are bean-shaped.
Afferent lymphatic vessels enter on the convex surface
The lymph nodes generally occur in chains along the parts of the larger lymphatic vessels
Spleen
; Lies in the upper left abdominal cavity. Similar to a large lymph node, except it contains blood instead
of lymph. Filters the blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria
Humoral response and cellular response
;
Cellular Medial
; response
through cell-to-cell contact, as activated T cells interact directly with antigen-bearing cells. T cells also synthesize and secrete cytokines (such as interleukins). and colony stimulating factors) that enhance cellular responses to antigen
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
occurs through the use of vaccines,without the person becoming ill from the disease; since vaccines containweakened or dead pathogens, person develops long-term immunity, due to an immune response that includes memory B cell formation
Naturally acquired passive immunity
occurs as antibodies are passed from mother to fetus; this is short-term immunity, due to lack of an immune response and lack of memory B cell formation
Naturally acquired active immunity
occurs after exposure to theantigen; long-term resistance results, due to the events of a primaryimmune response (memory B cells are produced)
Artificially acquired passive immunity
involves the injection of gamma globulins containing antibodies or antiserum; this is short-term, because there was no antigen exposure, no immune response, and no memory B cells produced
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Second Line of Defense
; Innate immunity and chemical barriers; Stomach acid and enzymes. Chemicals that kill many pathogens. Inflammation.
Third Line of Defense
; Adaptive Immunity; Humoral and Medial
First Line of Defense
; Mechanical barriers represent the body’s first line of defense. unbroken skin and mucous membranes of the body. Includes hair, mucus, and sweat
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate (natural) immunity
; Guard against many types of pathogens; respond quickly. Include species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer
cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever. Non specific
Adaptive (acquired) immunity
; Respond against only a specific type of pathogen; respond more slowly. Accomplished by specialized lymphocytes, which secrete cytokines or antibodie.
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Antigen presenting cell
; accessory cell, APC), such as a B cell or macrophage, that has already encountered and phagocytized the antigen
Macrophages
; acting as APCs digest the pathogen, and display the antigenic fragments on their own cell membrane, complexed with special proteins called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
Other lymphocytes differentiate in red bone marrow to become
B cells
; hese represent 20 to 30% of circulating . lymphocytes; also settle in lymphatic organs (lymph nodes, spleen) and lining of intestines.
Helper T cells
stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the displayed antigen
T cells
; make up 70 to 80% of circulating lymphocytes; some settle in the lymph nodes, spleen, and thoracic duct. T cell activation requires an encounter with an antigen-presenting
Cytotoxic T cells
monitor the body's cells, recognizing and eliminating cancer cells and virus-infected cells
Natural killer (NK) cells:
Defend the body against viruses and cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances called perforins, which lyse (break apart) cell membranes of pathogens
Cytokines
from helper T cells activate cytotoxic T cells, which then increase number of identical cells in their clone
Memory T cells
provide a quick response to any future exposure to the same antigen, by dividing to produce a large number of cytotoxic T cells
memory B cells;
these remain dormant at the
time, but respond to future encounters with the antigen
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens
; Can be any large molecules that that can trigger an immune response.
Antibodies
; Antibodies travel through the body fluids to attack and destroy antigens; this is called the humoral immune response
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems (include BOTH)
Lymphatic System; A second circulatory system. Lymphatic vessels collect and carry away
excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces
, eventually returning it to the blood.Lymph nodes, which are situated along lymphatic vessels, contain lymphocytes, which help
defend body against disease**
Passive vs. Active immunity
Active immunity
is obtained through antigen exposure; an immune response occurs in the person, in which antibodies and memory B cells are produced; this is long-lasting immunity
Passive immunity
is obtained by receiving antibodies; since there is no antigen contact and no immune response occurs, no memory B cells are produced; this is short-term immunity