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Lymphatic Immune System Mia Cortez Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic Immune System Mia Cortez Period 5
Lymphatic System
Major functions
Lymphatic vessels collect and carry away excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces eventually returning it to the blood
Drains tissue fluid,waste products, & fights against infection
Organs
Thymus
Location: In the thoracic cavity, superior to the heart
Function: Provide immunity
Spleen
Location: Next to stomach, behind ribs
Function: Filters blood & removes dead blood cells & bacteria
Lymph Nodes
Locations
: Cervical, pelvic, thoracic, axillary, supratrochlear, abdominal. & inguinal regions
Functions:
Filter lymph & remove bacteria/ cellular debris before lymph is returned to blood
Immune surveillance: Monitors body fluids
Lymphocytes attack viruses, bacteria, & parasitic cells that enter a lymph node ; Macrophages engulf & destroy foreign particles, debris & damaged cells
Antigens and Antibodies
Antigen
Can be any large molecules that trigger and immune response
Immune response is directed against "non-self" molecules (usually large & complex foreign molecules)
Antibodies
2 sets of steps for T cell and B cell activities
B cells Activities
3) Either alone or more often in conjugation w/ helper T cells, the B cells = activated (B cell proliferates , enlarging it's clone)
4) Some of the newly formed B cells differentiate further to become plasma cells
2) B cells Encounter an antigen that fits its antigen receptors
5) Plasma cells synthesize & secrete antibodies whose molecular structure is similar to the activated B cells antigen receptos
1) Antigen bearing agents enter tissue
T cell Activities
3) Antigens from the digested antigen bearing agents are displayed on the membrane of the accessory cell
4) Helper T cells = activated when it encounters a displayed antigen that fit it's antigen receptors
2) Accessory cell like macrophage , phagocytizes the antigen bearing agents & the macrophages lysosomes digest the agent
5) Activated helper T cells release cytokines when it encounters a B cell that has previously combines w/ an identical antigen bearing agent
1) Antigen bearing agents enter tissue
6) 5) Cytokines stimulate B cells to proliferate, enlarging its clone
7) Some of the newly formed B cells give rise to cells that differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells
3 Methods of reacting to antigen
Activation of Complement
results in opsonization, chemotaxis , inflammation, agglutination, neautralization, alteration, or lysis of antigen or antigen bearing cells
Inflammation
: Simulation of local inflammatory changes in the area, that helps prevent the spread of the pathogens
Direct attack
by aggulatination, precipation, or neutrolization of antigens ( make antigen more susceptible to phagocytosis)
Disorders of the immune system
Autoantic damage body's body's own tissues
Autoimmune disorders may = from viral infection, faulty T cells develop, or reaction to nonself antigen that closely resemble a self antigen
Immune system manufactures antibodies ( autoantibodies) & cytoxic T cells against some of it's own antigen
Lines of Defense
Second
Purpose
: Fever provides a hostile environment for pathogens that reproduce best under normal human conditions
Purpose:
Chemical Barriers kill pathogens with enzymes, acidic environment, & interferons
Purpose
: Natural Killer Cells defend the body against viruses & cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances called "Perforins"
Ex:
Chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever, & phagocytosis
Purpose
: Engulfment & digestions or pathogens, foreign particles & debris
Purpose:
Inflammation stop spread of pathogens & infection
Third
Ex:
Cellular immune & humoral immune response
Purpose
: Cellular immune defense against intracellular and extracellular bacteria , Humoral immune response prevent the spread of intracellular infections
First
Ex:
Skin & mucous membreanes
Purpose: Stop the entry of bacteria and viruses
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired
Artificially :
Passive : Involves injection of gamma globulins containing antibodies or antiserum; short term
Active: Occurs through use of vaccines w/ out person becoming ill ; long term
Naturally
Passive : Occurs as antibodies are passed from mother to fetus; short term
Active : Occurs after exposure to antigen long term
Passive vs Active
Passive: Obtained by recieving antibodies; since there is no antigen contact & no immune response occurs, no memory B cells are produced (short term)
Active: Obtained through antigen exposure; an immune response occurs in the person, on which antibodies & memory cells are produce (Long term)
Innate vs. Adaptive Immune Defenses
Innate
Inflammation (Second line of D)
Function
: Stop spread of pathogens & infections
Characterized by redness, swelling, heat, & pain
Species Resistance (Second line of D)
Resistant to diseases that affect other species
Based on: A) Different chemical environment, B) Body temp. that doesn't provide the conditions required by pathogens, & C) Presence or absence or receptors for particular type of pathogens
Chemical Barriers ( Second line of D)
Chemicals that kill many pathogens
Acidic Environment : Provided by HCI in gastric juice, lethal to some pathogens
Enzymes : Pepsin in the stomach & lysozyme in tears, (destroy many pathogens)
Interferons: Hormone like peptides secreted by lymphocytes & fibroblasts when viruses or turmor cells are present
Mechanical Barriers (second line of D)
Includes
: Hair, Mucus, & sweat
1st Line of Defense
Function
: Prevent entry of certain pathogens by providing a physical separation of pathogens & internal tissues
Examples
: Unbroken skin & mucous membranes of the body
Natural Killer (Second line of D)
Small group of lymphocytes, other than T cells & B cells
Function
: Defend the body against viruses & cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances (perforins) which break apart cell membranes of pathogens (also secrete substances that enhance inflammation)
Guard against many type of pathogens ; respond quickly (Non-Specific)
Phagocytosis
(
Second line of D)
Are attracted to the injured area
Neutrophils engulf smaller particles
Most active phagocytosis = neutrophils & monocytes
Monocytes attack larger particles
Function: Engulfment & digestions of pathogens, foreign particles, & debris
Fever
(
Second line of D)
Elevated body temp. causes liver & spleen to take up iron
Phagocytic cells attack w/ greater vigor when the temp. rises
Fever provides a hostile environment for pathogens that reproduce best under normal human conditions
Occurs when body temp. is re-set to a higher set point (results in elevated body temp)
Adaptive
Respond only against a specific type of pathogens ; respond slowly ( Specific)
Accomplished by specialized lymphocytes, which secrete cytokines or antibodies
Third line of D
Include Cellular & humoral response
Performed by lymphocytes & macrophages that recognize & remember specific foreign molecules on particular pathogens
Immune Responses
Humoral
When helper T cells encounter a B cell that has already encountered & bind to an antigen
Some of the B cells differentiate plasma cells, which produce & secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)
But most B cells need helper T cells for activation
B cells may become activated & produce a clone of cells when it encounters an antigen that matches it's receptors & binds to it
Antibodies travel through the body fluids to attack & destroy antigens
Other B cells become memory B cells ; these remain dormant at he time, but respond to future encounters w/ the antigen
Cellular
Some T cells secrete toxins, growth inhibiting factors, or interferon
Types of T cells
Helper T cells: Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the displayed antigen
Cytotoxic T cells: Monitor's body's cells, recognizing & eliminating cancer cells & virus infected cells
T cells also synthesize & secrete cytokines (interleukins & colony stimulating factors) that enhance cellular responses to antigen
Memory T cells provide a quick response to any future exposure to the same antigen by dividing to produce a large number of cytotoxic T cells
Response through cell to cell contact, as activates T cells interact directly w/ antigen bearing cells
Cells involved in the immune system
Neutrophils : Help macrophage kill even after it dies
Macrophage : Attack & eat pathogens
Cytoxic T cell: Eliminate bacteria
Monocyte : Attack particles entering the body
Helper T cells : Activate B cells
Natural Killer : Defend body against cancer cells & viruses
Memory B / T cells : Help prevent getting sick from the same pathogen
B cells : Create Antibodies
T cells : Cell mediated immunity
Main Functions
Drains tissue fluids
drains waste products
Fight against infection