Spain in the 19th century
The Spanish war of independence
Fernando the VII
Isabel II
The Glorious Revolution or Democratic Sexennium
Spain lets Napoleon pass through it to invade Portugal
They end up invading Spain too
Uprising from Local Juntas, Provincial Juntas and Central Supreme Junta in 1808
3 war phases
1st
Invasion repelled by Spanish and French regroup in the frontier
2nd
French dominate the war and the Supreme Junta has to retreat from Madrid to Cádiz
At the end of the year, they create the First Spanish Constitution of 1812, known as La Pepa and call the Cadiz Constitution
National sovereignity
Personal liberties and rights
Separation of powers
Universal male suffrage to elect representatives
Catholicism as oficial religion
3rd
Spain, Portugal and Britain defend the French forces and expel them from Spain. Guerrilla warfare was one of the big elements for French defeat
American independence
End of absolutism
Pronunciamiento: Military coups where an army officer or leader reads a manifesto against the government to change it
Trienio Liberal: Colonel Riego leads a pronunciamiento against the king and restores the Cadiz Constitution
Liberals don't like him=>Pronunciamientos of the 19th
Moderates want small reforms that king will accept
Old Regime is back
Radicals want all the reforms of the Cadiz Constitution
Doesn't like liberalism
Ends with the French invasion with the permission of the congress of Vienna with the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
Abolish Cadiz Constitution and Las Cortes
After Napoleonic conquest, colonies begin their independece process.
No goverment there
Revolutions against Spain
No indigenous revol
Lead by creoles (criollos), children of Spanish migrants born in America
Reasons
Nationalism and liberalism: They wanted national sovereignity for the colonies
Britain helped because they wanted free trade
Creoles needed power and recognision
In the last 10 years there had been crisis
Political conflict
Dynastic succession
Economical
After the war and the loss of colonies, Hacienda had no money
Liberal people were persecuted by absolute monarchs
With the law that only men could be governors, Fernando's brother became the successor, but the law changed in 1830, so that Isabel II could be the successor
When he died, Isabel became queen, but his brother proclaimed himself king
Absolutist supporters went to his side to begin the First Carlist War
It ended up becoming a war between liberals (Isabel II) and absolutists (Carlos de Borbón)
Carlist regions:
Aragon
Catalonia
Navarre
Parts of Valencia
Basque Country
Reign marked by political divisions
Spain became a constitutional monarchy, but conflicts between progressives and moderates continued during her reign
Issues
Moderates
Progressives
Sovereignity
Suffrage
Legislative power
Powers of the king
Individual rights
Religion
Parliament and monarch
Census and restricted
Parliament and king
Two chamber legislate
Executive, foreign policy, appoint to all senators, break Congress
Limited freedom of press, assembly and religion
Catholicism as the only religion
Comes from people or nation
Census but broader
Parliament and only one chamber
Executive, limited ways of breaking Congress, appoint some senators, some decisions in foreign policy
Broader in those aspects
Catholicism official religion
Freedom of religion
Many revolts and pronunciamientos
Every time there was a liberal in power, ended with a moderate pronunciamiento
Goverment in hands of her mother when a less progressive constitution was made
Moderate decade
Progressive Biennium
Liberal Union period
1843-54
1854-56
1856-68
Civil Code and tax reform
Desamortización: Church lands are made public property and are sold
Economical and subsistence crisis continues
Progressive radicalize and divide between democrats and republicans
New conservative union in 45 with more power for the queen, limited rights and centlalization
Centralization: government and systems appointed by central government
Food crisis leads to revolts and end of liberal government
New liberal government from a pronunciamiento
Reestablishment of Constitution of 45
New centrist party Liberal Union participates in most governs
Isabel II becomes unpopular
Generals Serrano and Prim lead a pronunciamiento against the queen
Causes
progressives, democrats and republicans are excluded from the government and conspire against the queen
Authoritarian rule from the moderates causes rejection of the army and bourgeoisie
Economic crisis creates revolts and uprisings
She has to abdicate and flee the country
Sexenio democrático
Amadeo of Sovoy is elected king in 1871
Prim is assassinated and king is opposed by everyone
New Constitution in 1689: Constitutional monarchy, declaration of rights and male suffrage
Amadeo abdicates in 1873
First Spanish Republic
Third Carlist War: Carlists try to astablish an absolute monarchy
Cuban War: An indepndence war begins in Cuba
Cantonal Revol: federalists and anarchists want to create a federal republic
Four presidents in one year
Republic finishes with two pronunciamientos that restore the Bourbon dynasty with Alfonso XII