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HOW CAN IDEAS BECOME A SOURCE OF POWER - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the author contends that neoliberalism is above all a project to restore class dominance to sectors that saw their fortunes threatened by the ascent of social democratic endeavours in the aftermath of the second world war Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.22
      - though it has been effectively disguised we have lived through a whole generation of sophisticated class struggle on the part of the upper strata to restore or as in china and russia construct class dominance. [] the first lesson we must learn therefore is that if it looks like class struggle and acts like class struggle then we have to name it for what it is Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.41
      - to point to the necessity and inevitability of class struggle is not to say that the way class is constituted is determined or even determinable in advance. class movements make themselves though not under conditions of their own choosing. Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.42
  - - - a theory of political economic practices proposing that human well-being can best be advanced by the maximisation of entrepreneurial freedoms within an institutional framework characterised by private property rights, individual liberty, unencumbered markets and free trade Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.22
      - state interventions in markets once created must be kept to a bare minimum because the state cannot possibly possess enough information to second-guess market signals prices and because powerful interests will inevitably distort and bias state interventions particularly in democracies for their own benefits Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.23
      - its primary aim has been to open up new fields for capital accumulation in domains formerly regarded off-limits to the calculus of profitability Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.35
      - one of the prime functions of state interventions and of international institutions is to orchestrate crises ad devaluations in ways that permit accumulation by dispossession to occur without sparking a general collapse or popular revolt Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.38
  - - - all states that sign on to the WTO and the IMF and who can afford not to agree to abide albeit with a grace period to permit smooth adjustment by these rules or face severe penalties Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.23
      - The management of New York’s fiscal crisis paved the way for neoliberal practices both domestically under Ronald Reagan and internationally through the International Monetary Fund throughout the 1980s. It established a principle that, in the event of a conflict between the integrity of financial institutions and bondholders on one hand and the well-being of the citizens on the other, the former would be given preference. Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.31
      - Secretary of the Treasury William Simon who, having watched the progress of events in Chile with approval, refused to give aid to New York and openly stated that he wanted that city to suffer so badly that no other city in the nation would ever dare take on similar social obligations again Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.31
      - forms of private accumulation through practices destructive of cultures, histories and environments to the depredations wrought by the contemporary forms of finance capital are the focus of resistance Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.42
      - the idea that the market is about fair competition is increasingly negated by the facts of extraordinary monopoly, centralisation and internalisation on the part of corporate and financial powers Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.42
  - - - a conceptual apparatus has to be constructed that appeals almost naturally to our intuitions and instincts to our values and our desires as well as to the possibilities that seem to inhere in the social world we inhabit Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.24
      - without the diffused power and initiative associated with private property and the competitive market it is difficult to imagine a society in which freedom may be effectively preserved Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.24
      - “A peaceful world of growing freedom,” he wrote, even as his cabinet geared up to go to war with Iraq, “serves American long-term interests, reflects enduring American ideals and unites America’s allies.” [] “freedom is the Almighty’s gift to every man and woman in this world” and “as the greatest power on earth [the United States has] an obligation to help the spread of freedom.” Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.25
      - neoliberalism has been a huge success from the standpoint of the upper classes . it has either restored class position to ruling elites as in the united states and britain or created conditions for capitalist class formation, as in china, india, russia and elsewhere Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.34
  - - - cultural critic matthew arnold long ago thoughtfully observed freedom is a very good horse to ride, but to ride somewhere [] the iraqis were in short expected to ride their horse of freedom straight into the corral of neoliberalism. Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.25
      - Aggregate growth rates stood at 3.5 percent or so in the 1960s and even during the troubled 1970s fell to only 2.4 percent. The subsequent global growth rates of 1.4 percent and 1.1 percent for the 1980s and 1990s, and a rate that barely touches 1 percent since 2000, indicate that neoliberalism has broadly failed to stimulate worldwide growth.Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.33
      - Despite their rhetoric about curing sick economies, neither Britain nor the United States achieved high economic performance in the 1980s. That decade belonged to Japan, the East Asian “Tigers,” and West Germany as powerhouses of the global economy. Such countries were very successful, but their radically differ- ent institutional arrangements make it difficult to pin their achievements on neoliberalism. Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.33
      - neoliberalisation has been accompanied by increasing volatility within global capitalism. [] periodic episodes of growth interspersed with phases of creative destruction usually registered as severe financial crises. [] financial turmoil proliferated all over the developing world and in some instances such as brazil and mexico repeated waves of structural adjustment and austerity led to economic paralysis. [] Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.34
      - productive assets include natural resources: earth, forest, water, air, these are the assets that the state holds in trust for the people it represents... to snatch these away and sell them as stock to private companies is a process of barbaric dispossession on a scale that has no parallel in history Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.36
      - the redistributive tactics of neoliberalism are wide-ranging, sophisticated frequently masked by ideological gambits but devastating for the dignity and social well-being of vulnerable populations and territories Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.39
      - the more neoliberalism is recognised as a failed if not disingenuous and utopian project masking the restoration of class power, the more it lays the basis for a resurgence of mass movements voicing egalitarian political demands seeking economic justice, fair trade and greater economic security and democratisation Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.42
  - - - some envisage a multitude in motion or a movement within global civil society to confront the dispersed and de-centred powers of the neoliberal order while others more modestly look to local experiments with new production and consumption systems animated by different kinds of social relations and ecological practices Harvey, D., 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), pp.41
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        it is a strange thing to see with what sort of feverish ardor americans pursue well being and how they show themselves constantly tormented by a vague fear of not having chosen the shortest route that can lead to it Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 511
        
        death finally comes and it stops him before he has grown weary of this useless pursuit of a complete felicity that always flees from him Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 512
        
        this spectacle is as old as the world what is new is to see a whole people show it Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 512
        
        one often dreads death less than continuing efforts toward the same goal. equality leads men by a still more direct path to several of the effects i have just described Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 512
        
        in france one complains that the number of suicides is increasing, in america suicide is rare but one is sure that madness is more common than everywhere else. those are different symptoms of the same malady Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 514
        
        their will resists but their reason gives way Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 514
        
        hopes and desires are more often disappointed souls more aroused and more restive and cares more burning Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 514
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        the same equality that permits each citizen to conceive vast hopes renders all citizens individually weak. it limits their strength in all regards at the same time that it permits their desires to expand Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 513
        
        men will never find an equality that is enough for them Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 513
        
        when inequality is the common law of a society the strongest inequalities do not strike the eye; when everything is nearly on a level the least of them wound it. that is why the desire for equality always becomes more insatiable as equality is greater Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 513
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        the idea of secondary powers placed between sovereign and subjects naturally presented itself to the imagination of aristocratic peoples [] the same idea is naturally absent from the minds of men in centuries of equality, it can only be introduced artificially there and is retained only with difficulty Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 640
        
        the idea of a right inherent in certain individuals is rapidly disappearing from the minds of men; the idea of an all-powerful and so to speak unique right of society comes to fill its place Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 642
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        the slightest dissimilarities in the political institutions of the same people wound him and legislative uniformity appears to him to be the first condition of a good government Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 641
        
        as conditions are equalised in a people individuals appear smaller and society seems greater or rather each citizen having become like all others is lost in a crowd and one no longer percieves anything but the vast and magnificent image of the people itself Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 641
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        americans believe that in each state the social power ought to emanate directly from the people but once power is constituted they imagine so to speak no limits to it; they willingly recognise that it has the right to do everything. Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 641
        
        men of our day are therefore much less divided than one imagines; they dispute constantly to know whose hands sovereignty will be delivered but they easily agree on the duties and rights of sovereignty Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 642
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        not only do they not have the taste to occupy themselves with the public, but often they lack the time to do it. private life is so active in democratic times so agitates so filled with desires and work that hardly any energy or leisure remains to each man for political life Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 643
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        love of public tranquility is often the sole political passion that these peoples preserve and it becomes more active and powerful in them as all the others are weakened and die this naturally disposes citizens constantly to give the central power new rights or allow it to take them Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 644
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        the hatred that men bear for privilege is increased as privileges become more rare and less great so that one would say democratic passions are more inflamed in the very times in which they find the least nourishment Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 644
        
        it is therefore natural that the love of equality grow constantly with equality itself in satisfying it, one develops it Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 644
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        the sovereign being necessarily above all citizens and uncontested does not excite the envy of any of them and each believes he deprives his equals of all the prerogatives he concedes to it Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 645
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        the democratic nations of europe all have the same general and permanent tendencies that carry americans toward the centralisation of powers and in addition they are subject to a multitude of secondary and accidental causes that americans do not know Tocqueville, Alexis de. 2003. Democracy in America. London: Penguin. [Volume Two-Part II: CH13; p. 651
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- - - - discourse, because of its lack of alliance to a clear political agenda offered a way of thinking about hegemony people's compliance in their own oppression without assuming that individuals are necessarily passive victims of systems of thought Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.27
      - models of action formulated using discourse tend to formulate rather messy complex visions of the future [] within discourse theory questions of agency are less clear and as a consequence questions of how much control one has over what happens as a result of one's own actions are very much to the fore Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.27
      - discourse is interested in the other outcomes [other than intended] which it would see as similarly entailed by such action Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.27
  - - - ideology [] is always in virtual opposition to something like the truth, it refers to something like a subject [] it is in secondary position in relation to something which must function as the infrastructure or economic or material determinant for it (Foucault 1979e: 36) Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.28-9
      - ideology is often characterised as false consciousness or an imagined representation of the real conditions of existence Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.29
      - foucault is not claiming to speak from a position of truth since he is aware of the fact that he himself as a subject can only speak within the limits imposed upon him by the discursive frameworks circulating at the time Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.29
      - foucault tried to move away from the notion of the cartesian subject the subject whose existence depends on its ability to see itself as unique and as self-contained, distinct from others because it can think and reason Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.30
  - - - he did not believe as some marxists do that the economic base determines what can be said and thought at a particular time instead he saw the relation between economics social structures and discourses as being a complex interaction with none of the terms of the equation being dominant Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.32
  - - - if power was never anything but repressive if it never did anything but say no do you really believe that we should manage to obey it? (foucault, 1979e: 36)
      - repressive hypothesis [] power as a negative infringement on someone else's rights[] foucault tries to move the conception of power away from this negative model towards a framework which stresses its productive nature that it produces as well as represses Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.33
      - foucault also details the way that homosexuality was produced as a sexual practice and as a type of personality in the very process whereby sexologists attempted to categories homosexual acts as deviant and perverted Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.34
      - i dont want to say that the state isnt important, what i want to say is that relations of power necessarily extend beyond the limits of the state [] power as a relation rather than a simple imposition Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.34
      - power circulates through a society rather than being owned by just one group Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.34
  - - - by accepting sexism within language subjects are called upon to recognise themselves as taking up a position within a hierarchised system of gendered differentiation thus sexism forces subjects into appearance of the status quo and of prevalent views of women as inferior to men with men as superior Mills, Sara. 2004. Discourse. London: Routledge, p.39