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Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II, image, image, image, image,…
Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II
The Protestant Reformation
The Reformation
A religious movement
Began in the first half of the 16th century
Instigated
The division of the Christian Church
The founding of the protestant churches
Causes
The low clergy's lack of training
The church hierarchy
Didn't gave much importance
To the training of its priests
Many of them didn't behave appropriately
The bad example set by the high clergy
The majority of the hierarchy
Occupied positions for their own gain
Didn't respect the customs or morals that they preached
The church's wealth
The high clergy
Lived a life of luxury
The church
Possessed extensive lands
Taxed the humble population
Obtained income
By carrying out religious sacraments
From the veneration of
Holy relics, saints and the Virgin Mary
The buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions
These positions provided
An income and economic rights
Were a way of getting rich
The sale of indulgences
When the church needed money
The construction of the new Saint Peter's Basilica
It sold indulgances
It helped believers
To be forgiven for their sins
Luther's break from Rome
Martin Luther
A German priest
Was scandalised
By the amount of corruption
In the Church
95 Theses
He published it in 1517
Criticising the sale of indulgences
And other bad practices
Carried out by the ecclesiastical hierarchy
Marked the beginning
Of the Protestant Reformation
Throughout the rest of his life
Continued to criticise the Church
And develop his ideas
The Lutheran doctrine
His main principles
Free interpretation of the Bible
Priest should be abolished
Because anyone could read
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He initiated
The translation of the holy book
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Forgiveness and salvation
Do not depend
On the good deeds
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Depend on faith and God's will
Rejection
Of the veneration
Of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics
Of the sacraments
Except for baptism and the Eucharist
Opposition
To the Church owning property
Support
For the nobles taking over
The Church's possessions
The spread of the Reformation
Lutheranism
Spread rapidly
Across northern Europe
Germany
The Low Countries
Denmark
The Scandinavian Peninsula
New doctrines
Ultricht Zwingli
A Swiss pastor
Founded the Reformed Church
In the city of Zurich
Rejected the authority of the Pope
Proposed abolishing religious imagery and celibacy
Among priests
John Calvin
A French theologian
Spread a type of Protestantism
From Geneva in Switzerland
His beliefs were based on predestination
People were destined
For salvation or damnation from birth
Calvinism
Spread across
Switzerland
England (Puritans)
Scotland (Presbyterians)
France (Huguenots)
The north of the Low Countries
Henry VIII
Henry wanted to divorce
Catherine of Aragón
The Pope would not give his consent
In 1534
He broke with the Catholic Church
The Act of Supremacy was passed
Under which he appointed himself
Head of the Church of England / Anglican Church
Religious Wars and The Counter-Reformation
Religious wars
In 1521
The Church
Excommunicated Luther
And attempted to prosecute him
For heresy
It was unsuccessful
Because he received the protection
Of the German nobles
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Carlos I (in 1519)
The Catholic Monarchs' grandson
And king of Spain
Was appointed Emperor
As Carlos V
He was devout Catholic
And tried to mediate in this conflict
To prevent the division of the Church
Various meetings took place
The Diet of Worms
No agreement was reached
The Lutherans
The Catholics considered them
Protestants
They referred to themselves as
The Reformed
In 1555
The Peace of Augsburg was signed
The Emperor granted
The Protestant princes religious freedom
This agreement
Didn't result in religious peace
Provoked a series of religious wars
In France
The wars between Catholics and Protestants
Continued into the second half of the 16th century
There were bloody episodes
The massacre of Protestants
St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572
These conflicts ended in 1598
King Henry IV
Signed the Edict of Nantes
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In the Low Countries
The Dutch War of Independence / Eighty Years' War (1568-1648)
A rebellion against Spanish rule
A civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
It ended with the victory of the Calvinists in the northern provinces
In the British Isles
The Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651)
A series of conflicts among
The Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans
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In 1547
The Battle of Mühlberg
The Emperor
Supported the Pope and the Church
The Protestant German princes
Supported Luther
Formed an alliance
The Schmalkaldic League
A civil war
The Emperor and the Catholic German princes
Defeated the League
France
Sided against the Emperor
Resulting in a greater balance
Of military power
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics
Persecuted each other
In the areas they dominated
In Switzerland
The Calvinists executed the Spanish scientist Miguel Servet
For his religious beliefs
The Pope and the Emperor
Became less influential
The Protestant kings and nobles
Gained more power
By taking over their national churches and their possessions
The Counter-Reformation
A religious, intellectual and political movement
Led by the Catholic Church
Against the Protestant Reformation
The Council of Tent (1545-1563)
Established the Catholic Church's course of action
In three mian areas
The clarification of their teachings
The dogmas and principles were maintained
Carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation
Observing the seven sacraments
Recognising the Pope as the highest authority
Venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
The need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations
Internal reform
Measures were taken
To resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded
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Bishops were more strictly controlled
The sale of indulgences was prohibited
The religious orders were reformed
The Society of Jesus
Gained importance
Jesuits became the main group
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Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534
The repression of Protestantism
Its followers were considered heretics
The Inquisition was reinforced
An Index of forbidden books was published
Which opposed the Catholic faith
