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British Colonial Rule in Malaya - Coggle Diagram

- - - - became a crown colony one 1 April 1867
        
        allowing the governor of Straits Settlements to report directly to the colonial office in London without having to go through the office in India first.
  - - - HIGHER DEMAND for RAW MATERIALS
        
        MALAY PENNINSULA was especially valuable in the eye of the British for its rich deposits of Tin, and later on for the production of Rubber.
        
        TIN
        -very much in demand as canning industry was increasing in profitability
        -different types of meat, vegetable and fruits were packed into TIN CANS for storage (the products of TIN)
        
        British tin then became TOO COSTLY to produce, therefore the discorvery of the large tin deposits in the Malay States provided the british with:
        
        MORE OPPORTUNITIES for GREATER PROFIT.
        (link back to economical factor)
        
        advantage to extend control over the tin-rich states to ensure STEADY SUPPLY OF TIN.
        
        RUBBER
        -introduced into the Malay Penninsula in 1877.
        -british found out that rubber trees GREW WELL in most parts of the penninsula because of its 1. fertile land 2. warm, wet climate.
        
        1896: first rubber plantations established in Malaya
        
        automobile industry began to grow:
        -increase in worldwide demand for rubber
        
        MORE rubber plantations established to meet demands.
        
        1 more item...
  - - - there were rumours in 1873 regarding:
        -Germany negotiating for bases in Pulau Langkawi and Northern Malaya to serve as trading ports
        
        therefore, the british intervened in the rest of the malay states to ensure that they had access to the markets BEFORE the other european powers obtained a FOOTHOLD there.
  - - - Straits of Melaka became even busier then before as
        
        Straits of Melaka became the SHORTEST ROUTE to travel from EUROPE TO ASIA
        
        therefore, british needed to
        -establish NEW BASES to serve as OUTPOSTS which patrolled the waterways
        
        combat PIRACY due to the inadequate existing bases of the straits settlements.
- - - - JAMES BIRCH, THE FIRST BRITISH RESIDENT in PERAK
        -being the first resident, Birch had no predecessor to follow
        -he was impulsive and stubborn, therefore easily offending the malay chiefs.
        -his impatient efforts to control the administration in Perak caused many conflicts:
        he acted too quickly to relieve the malay chiefs of their power to collect revenue, which upsetted the chiefs.
        
        -Birch was also INSENSITIVE and IGNORANT to malay culture and customs, including debt-slavery
        Birch disapproved of this practice,and gave shelter to slaves who escaped from their masters, some of whom involved the malay chiefs.
        ASSASINATION OF BIRCH
        -Sultan Abdullah and the malay chiefs plotted to kill James Birch.
        -in 1875, Birch was speared to death in a river-bath house while touring the state.
        -British quickly sent in a strong force to quell the resistance of the hostile chiefs, creating a spark that created the fire known as the Perak War.
        -Sultan Abdullah was sent away to Seychelles while the rest of the hostile chiefs were removed.
        
        the british then recognised RAJA YUSUF, a former contender to the throne as the new sultan of Perak.
        
        HUGH LOW, THE SECOND BRITISH RESIDENT OF PERAK
        -unlike Birch, he made sure that malay chiefs who lose their privileges to collect revenues were compensated
        -he spoke fluent malay and has good knowledge of the malay culture
        to his advantage, sultan Abdullah was replaced with sultan Yusuf, who was significantly easier to deal with, and at the same time, the malay chiefs who replaced the previous ones were not as hostile and as difficult to handle.
        at the same time, Hugh Low was more patient and considerate towards the locals and citizens of perak, therefore earning their respect and kindness.
        
        this shows that the residential system's success depended not just on its structure, but also on the personality and actions of the residents.
  - - - British assumed that by bringing the protected states under a central administration, they could:
        -ensure uniformity
        -ensure greater efficiency of administration
        -allow revenues of wealthier states such as Perak and Selangor to help the poorer states (such as Negeri Sembilan and Pahang)
        The scheme to create a single administrative unit was proposed by the Resident of Selangor, Frank Swettenham during 1893.
        
        In 1896, the british brought together the four states ( Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang) as the FEDERATED MALAY STATES (FMS) under a federal government.
        
        THE RESIDENT GENERAL
        Indigenous Malay rulers + their residents remained but now came under a RESIDENT GENERAL based in Kuala Lumpur.
        Frank Swettenham was appointed as the FIRST RESIDENT GENERAL.
        
        Public administrative departments now came under the central authority of the Federated Malay States directors.
        -laws and judicial systems of the states were UNIFIED to make it easier for trade and commerce to be carried out.
        
        As a result , the sultans became less and less involved in the government of other states, as the Federal Government was in charge of most matters.
        the federal government was more concerned about the interests of the FMS as a whole rather than about the interests of the individual states.
- - - - since Germany entered the race of colonies later than other empires, they were determined to take over any areas that were not colonised by European Powers
        
        Anglo-Dutch rivalry in Southeast Asia intensified as the race for colonies grew fiercer
        
        challenged British power and standing
        -british wanted to maintain their edge over the other european nations
        
        British expanded their overseas empire
        -allow the british to exploit these territories to its own economical advantage
        
        THEREFORE, THE BRITISH INTENSIFIED ITS INVOLVEMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
- - - - Sultans' positions became more secure since they were backed by Brisih power against rivals.
        the malay chiefs also enjoyed elaborate palaces and regular incomes given by the British.
        members of Malay aristocracy were able to
        receive WESTERN EDUCATION and
        obtain MINOR POSITIONS IN COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION.
        given positions in civil service, the police and local military units.
        
        Though their traditional power were reduced,
        their positions in the COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION and SALARIES ensured that
        they did not TOTALLY LOSE their authority or means of wealth.
  - - - -malays barely came into contact with the British,
        
        therefore experienced minimal British interference.
  - - - leaders of Hai san and Ghee Hin were given seats in the State Council of Perak
        they were able to voice opinions on behalf of their people
        
        Prominent and wealthy chinese formed CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS with the british
        british appointed them to offices such as justices of peace
        e.g. Yap Ah Loy was made state councillor and justice of peace in Kuala Lumpur for having substantial mining and plantation interests throughout malaya.
  - - - India was a convenient source of labour --> it was a british colony
        -indians kept themselves seperate by
        living within the estates where they worled.
        
        did not offer resistance against the British
- - - - with the formation of the FMS, there was a GREATER STANDARDISATION of laws and
        a better organisation of LOCAL DEFENSE FORCES.
        this helped to PROMOTE GREATER POLITICAL STABILITY
        as the locals were LESS LIKELY to challenge a government that
        was backed by the british
  - - - british rule encouraged the GROWTH OF NEW INDUSTRIES
        
        therefore, the tin and rubber industries became the
        PILLARS OF THE MALAYAN ECONOMY ,
        
        bringing in MORE REVENUE.
        
        CREATION OF AN EXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMY
        
        TIN
        
        as large companies were in british hands by the early century, they had
        large sums of CAPITAL
        
        able to purchase THE MORE SOPHISTICATED EQUIPMENT
        e.g. Tin Dredge which enabled
        LARGER AMOUNT OF TIN TO BE EXCAVATED
        
        RUBBER
        
        the demand for rubber was especially high due to the growth of the AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY.
        
        EUROPEAN CAPITAL vas invested in LARGE PLANTATION ESTATES managed by european planters
        work of tapping rubber was usually carried out by INDIAN LABOURERS.
        
        by EARLY 20th CENTURY, rubber surpassed tin as malaya's most profitable export.