Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
THE STUDY OF THE POPULATION - Coggle Diagram
THE STUDY OF THE POPULATION
DYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
A population
Can be studied of its movement in space, as population figures for different locations change.
Natural changes:
These changes are produced by biological factors: births and deaths.
Migratory movements:
These are movements of people from one place to another.
Can be studied from the point of view of its evolution over time.
As increase or decrease in number
STATIC PERSPECTIVE
The characteristics of a population at any given time can be studied.
Distribution
It studies the distribution of the population around the world
Concentration
Dispersion
The factors that explain a particular occupation of space.
Internal structure or composition
A population can be analysed from the perspective of;
Sex or age
on a socioeconomic level, such as by occupation or educational level.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION
THE BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION
The biological structure of the population refers to its composition according to age and sex.
In terms of age, we can distinguish three groups:
The child population (between 0 and 15 years old)
The elderly population (aged 65 and older)
The adult population (between 16 and 64 years old)
According to sex, we can calculate the percentage of men and women in the total population.
BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION
The proportion of the elderly population is very low, at 8%.
According to estimates by the United Nations, the average age of the world’s population is 29.6 years old.
In developed countries the number of births is lower than in developing countries.
Furthermore, in rich countries, the elderly population lives longer
50.44% of the world’s population is male
More males are born, but they usually die before than females
NATURAL CHANGES
BIRTHS
To measure births, we can use the crude birth rate.
CRUDE BIRTH RATE
number of live births in one year / total population×1,000
The crude birth rate of a population is the number of live births in a year per 1,000 people
Birth rates are lower in developed countries, which typically have rates lower than 20%.
However, less developed countries have higher birth rates, which can reach as high as 50‰
The birth rate is complemented by the general fertility rate
GENERAL FERTILITY RATE
relates the number of births in a place to the women who live there of a certain age profile.
number of live births in one year / number of women between 15 and 49 years old×1,000
A place with an ageing population tends to have fewer births than one with a larger number of people of reproductive age.
Therefore, rates below 1% typically correspond to developed countries, while in developing countries this rate exceeds 4‰
DEATHS
To measure deaths, we can use the crude death rate.
CRUDE DEATH RATE
number of deaths in one year / total population×1,000
The crude death rate of a population is the number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people.
Developed countries have low death rates, generally below 10‰.
However, these rates are still high in less developed countries. Problems contributing to this situation, such as poor sanitary conditions and hunger, are often caused by poverty and wars.
The infant mortality rate complements the death rate.
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
Children under one year of age are more likely to suffer malnutrition and lack of medical care.
number of deaths of infants under one year old in a year / total number of births in one year×1,000
Another demographic indicator related to the death rate is life expectancy.
LIFE EXPECTANCY
This measure, which is an estimated average, expresses the number of years that a person can generally expect to live for from the moment of their birth.
In general, women have a higher life expectancy than men.
NATURAL INCREASE
The difference between births and deaths in a population.
POSITIVE NATURAL INCREASE
f the number of births is higher than that of deaths, it means the population is growing.
NEGATIVE NATURAL INCREASE
If the number of deaths is higher than that of births, the number of inhabitants decreases.
MIGRATION
Is the movement of people from one place to another.
The departure of people from a place is called
emigration
POPULATION GROWTH
To find population growth, we need to use the figures for the
migration balance
and natural increase.
Is the difference between the people who arrive in a country and those who leave it.
while the arrival of people in a place is called
immigration
REASONS FOR MIGRATION
SOCIOCULTURAL
Are linked to economic causes
ECONOMIC
To have more opportunities
POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS OR ETHNIC
To escape wars or political regimes in which they are persecuted for religious, ideological or ethnic reasons.
TYPES OF MIGRATION
Forced or voluntary
Cause
Internal or external
Whether borders are crossed
Internal migration
The most common form:
rural exodus
When people move from the countryside to the city
2 big types
Permanent
Seasonal
Another type of internal movement
pendulum migration
People commute everyday between their workplace, and the outskirts of urban areas, where they live.
External migration
In 2019, more than 270 million people lived outside their countries of birth.
The main points of origin of international migration are in Asia
Permanent or temporary.
Duration