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English Language Simplified - Coggle Diagram
English Language Simplified
Morphemes
Inflectional
Adding morphemes to show gramatical information
Nouns take them to show that they are plural or possess something
Verbs take them to show the tense they are in, if theyre continuoius or who is performing them
Adjectives take to show comparison
Only around 7
Derivational
Derivation means deriving new forms of words and adding/modifying their function or meaning by adding morphemes
Adding meaning” example:
Happy -> unhappy (what has changed in the meaning? The prefix un- adds the sense of reversal)
“Modifying function” example:
Happy -> happily (how is this now a different kind of word? It has gone from an adjective to an adverb with the help of a suffix –ly)
Morphemes are a "unit of meaning that words can be broken into; they are the smallest unit we can find in a word.
Word Classes
Nouns
The names for people, places, objects, ideas and concepts.
Proper nouns refer to specific people and places usually have a capital letter.
Common nouns classify things into general categories and can take determiners where proper noouns cannot.
Concrete nouns refer to physical things.
Abstract nouns refer to ideas, processes, occasions, times and qualities.
Verbs
Lexical
Take indlection morphemes such as "-s", "-ing" and "-ed" They also have some irregular patters left over from older forms of language.
Auxillary
Auxillary verbs in english are limited to "to be" , "to have" and "to do" These can be both lexicle and auxillary verbs but are considered auxillary verbs when they are helping a lexicle verb. "I have gone"
Modal
Modal verbs convay a range of attitudes and moods about the likelthood of an event taking place. They are almost never lexicle verbs but generally introduce them.
Adjectives
Adjectives are lexemes that modify other lexemes: they attach in ront od a noun or noun phrase to give it description and quality.
Can take inflectional morphemes such as "er" to show comparative deree or "more" They use "-est" to show superlative degree, or "most"
adverbs
pronouns
prepositions
conjuctions
determiners
interjections
Sentence types
Declarative
Provide information, statments and observations.
Interrogative
Used in framing Questions
Ends in ?
Imperative
Gives direct orders or instructions
Exclamative
Make exclamations and indicates high levels of feeling or emotion te emphasise whats being said. Usually end with "!"
Sentence Structures
Simple
A single clause (one verb phrase)
Compund
Contain at least 2 independant causes that are joined by a coordinating conjunction, punctuation and all have equal meaning/ prominence.
Complex
Sentences are at least one independant clause and one dependant clause joined by subordination, punctuation and have a dominant clause
Compound Complex
These sentences must have at least 3 clauses in total with at least2 indeoendan clauses.
Clause Types
Independant (main)
Clauses that can stand aline as a sentence.
Are basically simple sentences already but to make it more natural way to spek we would add some links between the independant sentences. This is called coordination and we just made a compund sentence.
Dependant (subordinate)
Aren't able to stand alone in a sentence
If we want to make a text more complex we generally use dependant clauses
Clauses must include a subject and a verb
How Clauses are joined
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Situational Context
Function
The reason the speech or writing exists
A discorse can serve more than one function but often there will be dominating factors.
To.........
Crystal (1996)
Emotional expression
Social interaction
Recording of facts
Expression of identity
Field
Refers to the semantic field or domain (the subject or topic) of a text
Mode
Is it Spoken written or signed
Setting
When/where is the text created?
When and where might the text be heard or read?
Relationships
the links that existbetween speakers and their listeners and between writers and their readers
The same participant (in texts such as conversations) the participants may adopt both roles
What is the degree of social distance (close/intimate/distant)
Solidarity (do they have shared goals or experiences. low / high solidarity)
Hierarchy (are the participants if equal power does one have a greater ability to influence the other)
Phrases
A phrase is one or more words functioning as a unit in a sentence, usually containing a head word and accompanying modifiers.
Are built around the specific word class
When a phrase is behaving in the role of a name for something, it is a noun phrase and will also contain a lexical noun, around which the rest of the phrase is constructed
A verb phrase comprises a main verb in a sentence plus any related words.
Prepositions are small words that tell us relationships of direction, location, linking, position etc.
A prepositional phrase has a preposition as its main word. It is normally followed by a noun phrase
Adverbial phrases are constructed around an adverb or words acting as adverbs in a sentence.
As adverbs tell us information about time, manner, frequency, place, degree, intensity, etc., adverbial phrases do the same thing, but with connected words