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Pack 7 - Exchange - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 2.Rolled up leaves
        
        3.Hairy leaves
        
        4.Stomata in pits or grooves
        
        5.Reduced surface area of the leaves
        
        6.Extensive root system
        
        Less SA: Volume
        
        Decreased concentration gradient
        
        Decreased concentration gradient
        
        Decreased concentration gradient
      - Increased diffusion distance
  - - - Greater rate of respiration
        
        CO2 diffuse out O2 diffuse in
    - - Greater rate of photosynthesis
        
        Co2 diffuse in O2 diffuse out
  - - - If plant loses too much water the guard cells shrink and close the stomata
- - - - Increases volume and decreases pressure in the mouth so water enters
        
        Operculum and mouth closed and fish raises the floor of the mouth
        
        Decreases the volume and increase the pressure in mouth so forces water through gills and around operculum
  - - - Because blood moving though capillaries in lamellae is always meeting water which has a higher concentration of oxygen
- - - - Red blood cells slowed in capillaries
      - Large surface area of squamous (endo/epi thelium cells
      - Thin walls of alveoli and capillaries
      - Breathing + blood flow maintains concentration gradient
  - - - Symptoms
        
        Shortness of breath, reduced elasticity, chronic cough
      - How it affects gas exchange
        
        Elastin protein becomes permanently stretched, surface area of alveoli reduced, fewer alveoli
      - Causes/Risk factors
        
        Cigarette smoking, occupations with dust
    - - How it affects gas exchange
        
        Allergens cause white blood cells to release histamines - inflame airways, cause fluid to enter airways, cause muscles around bronchioles to constrict
      - Causes/Risk factors
        
        Allergic reaction, affect 10% population
      - Symptoms
        
        Breathing difficulties, tight feeling in chest, coughing
    - - Symptoms
        
        Shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, weakness/fatigue
      - How it affects gas exchange
        
        Scars - longer DD Reduced elasticity
      - Causes/Risk factors
        
        Unclear - suggested reaction with microscopic lung injury
    - - Symptoms
        
        Cough up damaged lung tissue
      - How it affects gas exchange
        
        Infection can spread to rest of body and be fatal
      - Causes/Risk factors
        
        Bacteria - Mycobacterium tuberculosis/bovium
  - - - Trachea
        
        Bronchus
        
        Bronchioles
        
        Alveoli
        
        Capillaries
  - - - Dissolved in mucus
        
        Diffuses through alveolar epithelium cell
        
        Diffuses through capillary endothelium cell
        
        Diffuses through plasma
  - - - Inspiration/inhalation - Diaphragm +external intercostal muscles contract increasing volume + decreasing pressure
      - Expiration/exhalation - diaphragm
        relaxes and internal intercostal muscles contract, decreasing volume +increasing pressure
- - - - 2.Lactate increases (solute)
        
        3.Water potential decrease (in muscle)
        
        4.Water enter muscle cells via osmosis
        
        5.Air drawn in tracheoles
        
        6.Increase SA for gas exchange
        
        7.O2 + CO2 diffuses faster through gas than liquid
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Further divide into tracheoles bring atmospheric air directly to respiring cells
  - - - 2.Ventilation - increase movement of air via contracting their muscles, pumping de-oxygenated air out of their spiracles. Creating a pressure gradient, and oxygenated air enters the trachea down the pressure gradient.