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Unit 6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - albumin
        
        liver cells specialize in making it as a result of differentiation
        
        helps keep fluid in bloodstream so it doesnt leak into other tissues
  - - - maternal substances in the egg that influence the source of early development in the future embryo
      - example determination
        
        myoblasts
        
        churn out large amounts of muscle specific proteins and fuse to form mature, elongated multinucleate skeletal muscle cells
        
        determination is irreversible
    - - signals conveyed to an embryonic cell from other cells in the vicinity
      - binding of growth factors secreted by neighboring cells
      - molecules passing along these signals within the target cel are cell surface receptors and other signaling pathway proteins
  - - - give rise to specialized cell types of an organism
- - - - two alleles in a pair separate from each other into different gametes during gamete formation
      - if an organism has identical alleles for a particular character (true breeding) then that allele is present in all gametes
      - if different alleles are present, then 50% of gametes receive the dominant allele and 50%recieve the recessive allele
      - derived from a monohybrid cross
        
        monohybrids
        
        organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest
        
        all of the offspring from a cross between homozygous parents for different alleles are monohybrids
        
        example: parents of genotypes (AA) & (aa) produce a monohybrid genotype (Aa)
        
        multiplication rule
        
        probability of 2 or more indapended events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual properties
        
        probability of a heterozygous F2 plant from a monohybrid cross needs to be derived using another rule as well
        
        addition rule
        
        probability of one or two more mutually exclusive vents occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities
        
        multiplication rule gives the individual probabilities that are then added together
    - - each pair of alleles segragates/assorts independently o each other pair during gamete formation
      - applies when genes for 2 characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as thought they are one different chomosomes
      - only applies to genes located on different chromosomes (not homologous)
      - derived from dihybrid crosses
        
        dihybrids
        
        organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest
        
        all of the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids
        
        example: parents of genotypes (AABB) and (aabb) produce a dihybrid of genotype (AaBb)
        
        cross between to organisms heterozygous for the selected trait is called a monohybrid cross
  - - - situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
    - - situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes in intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele
  - - - the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects
    - - gene interaction in which phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene
    - - additive affect of 2 or more genes on a single phenotypic charachter
    - - recessive
        
        only present in homozygous recessive individuals
        
        if a dominant allele is present, that allele is shown in the phenotype, and the organism will not express the recessive trait
        
        example: sickle cell disease
        
        recessively inherited
        
        human food disorder
        
        single change in β globing causes hemoglobin to aggregate
        
        changes red blood cell shape
        
        affects 1 in 400 africans
        
        sickled cells may clog small blood vessels, causes physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and stroke paralysis
        
        even heterozygous individuals can experience symptoms, but not as often or severely as homozygous recessive individuals (homozygous dominant individuals do not experience/carry the disease at all)
      - dominant
        
        present in homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals
        
        expressed regardless of a recessive allele, it represses the recessive allele, so that it is shown in the phenotype
- - - - genes on X chromosome
        
        female
        
        2 X chromosomes, one will be inactivated
        
        random inactivation, part of genetic variation
        
        only traits on active X chromosome will be passed down
        
        male
        
        only one X chromosome present
        
        genes passed down to female offspring, but not male (X linked genes wont be present on Y)
- - - - type of reproduction in which 2 parent give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via gametes
      - gametes created through meiosis
        
        meiosis
        
        creates gametes
      - creates genetic variation
        
        crossing over
        
        random fertilization
        
        mutation
        
        recombination between homologous chromosomes
        
        mate choice
        
        X inactivation
    - - a generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes
      - in most cases, offspring are genetically.phenotypically identical to the parent cell
      - reproduce through mitotic division
        
        mitosis
        
        creates somatic cells
      - only genetic variation comes from mutation