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Rethinking international trade theories descarga (8) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the countries with the most intra-industry trade are the industrialized countries with relative supplies of similar factors and the countries with labor-intensive sectors, intra-industry trade
        tends to be very small
        
        implies the internal demand of the consumers and the similarities of the markets between countries
        
        products go through a life cycle: new, mature and standardized
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NymLsP0AMRA
  - - - Competencies are specific knowledge and skills developed by companies that determine the type of activities they can carry out efficiently.
        
        argue that development can also be achieved from industrial complexes
        derived from natural resources
        
        Monet et al. (1994) argue that changes in production and international trade are explained by the globalization process driven by the technological-industrial revolution.
  - - - According to the classics, the mechanisms of the market and technical progress should favor the
        developing or peripheral countries
        
        but the distribution of the benefits of international trade was not equitable, but favored developed countries (center) more than developing ones (periphery).
        
        In the periphery, increases in agricultural productivity generate an overabundance of labor while the center keeps for itself the fruit of its technical progress and absorbs the benefits of increased productivity from the periphery.
        
        The Prebisch-Singer hypothesis argued that, without an interventionist state in the periphery, the balance was inevitably tipped in favor of the core countries. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji0jMkW0QhI
    - - Relations between the center and the periphery eliminate any possibility of development in underdeveloped countries (Pakdaman, 1996).
        
        there is a contrast between the mode of growth, technical progress and international trade between peripheral and central economies, an argument related to the thesis of the deterioration of the terms of trade (Ferrando, 2012).
        
        ECLAC ideas sought to demonstrate that the gains from international trade could be distributed unequally and that state intervention is necessary in order to balance these structural asymmetries.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V33VyVdsm7A
  - - - Relies on market imperfections to regulate windfall profits from oligopolistic markets and technological externalities
        
        Possibility that government action could create a comparative advantage. where you can alter the "rules of the game" benefiting national companies
- - - - According to the model: there is perfect competition, transport costs are equal and there is free trade
        
        where labor is considered the only factor of productionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSjx1ypRpVA
        
        Critique of comparative advantage
        
        doesn´t consider that there are more factors of production, that transportation costs vary and that there is imperfect competition
  - - - the division of labor is considered the source of growth in the productivity of workers and the generation of wealth
        
        Establishes the absolute advantage the efficient method for each country to produce the good that uses fewer resources
        
        allows them to have more goods with international trade which increases their possibilities of consumption
        
        Critique of absolute advantage
        
        doesn´t consider that a country can have absolute advantages in all goods and that it supposes one cannot be more efficient than another in the
        production of all goods
  - - - They are based on a model of accumulation of metals such as gold and silver.
        
        According to his model, exports must be greater than imports to accumulate wealth.
        
        Promoters of trade policies such as the use of tariffs to achieve a positive balance: beginning of protectionism
    - - A trade surplus
        increases the quantity of money and, therefore, the price level of that country.
        
        What
        As a result, it will lose competitiveness, which will encourage it to reduce its exports and increase their imports. The opposite will happen in a deficit country.
        
        mercantilist policies
        they provide, at best, only short-term benefits (Carbaugh, 2009).
  - - - Countries produce both goods where each good demands more than one factor: capital or labor
        
        According to the H-O theorem, a country will export the good that uses its relatively abundant factor intensively, and will import the good that uses the relatively abundant factor intensively.
        scarce.
        
        changes in the relative price of commodities affect the income of labor and capital, where countries that have the fact that they abound win
        
        critique of Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) model
        
        doesn´t consider imperfect markets, transportation costs, and differences in the technologies used
- - - - the most productive become exporters compared to non-exporters (Clerides 1998)
        
        exporting companies have more employees, are more productive, pay higher wages, add greater value added
        per worker and are more capital and capacity intensive.
        
        exporting companies have more participation in the world market
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJ8johmxB4g
    - - only the most productive firms to enter the market
        exporter, while medium productivity firms will only produce for the domestic market. In contrast, less productive firms will be forced to close.
        
        according to Bernard: countries differ in the
        relative abundance of factors,that industries vary in factor intensity, and that
        companies have different productivities.
        
        resources go to high-productivity companies and heterogeneous companies broadens the comparative advantages of countries and, therefore, creates
        a source of welfare gain from trade.
        
        sunk and fixed costs
        to enter and stay in the foreign market are significant when determining export status.
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVkriTO-JYk
        
        signatures, in
        In general, they demand foreign flowsto face costs that cannot be
        financed by regular operations or savings
        
        the reforms that liberalize the access of foreign investment to the domestic market constitute a shock to the availability of external financing and allow a causal inference to be made
- - - - outsourcing allows countries that have available labor to specialize in that factor
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llZb1E5UrOg
        
        the Know-how model cannot be understood with traditional theories since it cannot calculate the added value, where the services sector has a greater participation
        
        downstream are located where it is more profitable to carry out the last stages of productionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TTImw_WLWY
        
        The situation is presented in which countries and companies benefit from imports, which depends on the place of origin of imports.
  - - - the trend is a change in preferences
        of consumption to the detriment of goods and in favor of services, which causes deindustrialization
        
        According to the models, services cannot be consumed in different places, so according to the comparative advantage analysis, it does not apply.
        
        trade
        of transport and communication services generates the most important effect on merchandise trade and can be detected
        certain indications of complementaritybetween trade in goods and
        trade in services
        
        https://youtu.be/0vH-MP5A_4o
  - - - It is considered that there are products that drive other products in the generation of value and others whose potential stimulates the economy.
        
        On the other hand, the important thing is not what is produced, but how it is produced, due to the difference in quality and if the market is highly concentrated, negative externalities are generated
        
        find a positive correlation between economic complexity, GDP and
        economic growth. where diversified countries tend to export products that few countries export.
        
        https://youtu.be/xuMA-UiBHAw
        
        a good is considered complex if few countries export it, but differs if it is a scarce good
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIP1lvVseQk
        
        It can be assumed that if complex goods are exported, this increases the value of the goods and a greater variety of products.