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Factors driving Economic International Out-Migration: 2.2.1 - Coggle…
Factors driving Economic International Out-Migration: 2.2.1
Poverty:
Absolute & Relative Poverty:
3 global groups expressed through World Systems Theory:
Periphery (LICs):
Around 30 countries have average incomes of $1,045 or less
Agriculture plays key role in these countries
Semi-periphery (EEs):
Around 80 countries experiencing higher rates of growth than in their past - usually due to rapid industrialisation - middle income
Core (HICs):
Around 80 countires
High average incomes of $12,700 or above
Tertiary overtakes secondary industry - post-industrial economy
Primary commodity prices:
Country's primary commodities (raw mats) - opp to trade & generate money for economic developemnt
Countries that only trade with agricultural goods have insufficient funds to expand, develop & import manufactured goods
3 reasons for low prices paid for primary commodities in global market
Overproduction: too many countries grow same crop - pushes down global price
Poor Governance: Developing countries lack human capital to strike good trade deals
E.g DRC taken advantage of by comps due to lack of economic & business expertise - countries resources bought for fraction of real market price
High prices from diamonds, oil, gold can cause conflict - leads to outmigration (around 1m in neighbouring countries)
Poor access to markets within global systems:
Division of world into trade blocs - contributes to poverty in some countries
E.g EU places import tariffs on food imports from non-member countries - high levels of gov economic support (subsidies) allows EU farmers to produce price on produce - other farmers must then sell their goods even cheaper
WTO aims to reduce trade barriers & gov subsidies - attempts to abandon agricultural protectionism & improve market access for poorer nations e.g doha round
Bangladesh & the Gulf States:
Why do people migrate to the Gulf states?
Most signif driver: economic inequality - greater standard of living and salary in Gulf states - can send remittances - Bangladesh average income = around 3600USD - typical income in the UAE = 27,000USD
Demographic & Environmental: densely populated & flood-prone due to vast deltas occupy 79% of the country
Many men attach religious value to Saudi Arabia & accept jobs to visit Mecca
Personal events: illness/death of breadwinner - poor crop yield - loss of business leading to loss of income
Bangladeshi diaspora + returned migrants 'success' stories - major pull factor to Gulf states
What issues does this leave those left in Bangladesh?
Labour shortages - brain drain
Classic cons of migration
Why do young Romanians leave their county?
Better standard of living
Can send remittances
Job opps
Income raise
Push & Pull for migrants from Haiti to the US:
Push:
Poverty
natural disasters
Pull:
American Dream
Diaspora
Religious connections