Classification of migrants & Current trends + Borderless World & Diaspora:

Classification:

Temp migration

Migration to country not intended to be peramanent, fro specified & limited period of time, usually for specific reason e.g seasonal work permit

Pros:

Cheap labour force for host country

Better jobs for migrants ( in theory)

Better position/ higher salary

Opp of citizenship

Cons:

Possible tense enviro in host

Possible increase of tension on labour market

Loss of working pop for home country (brain drain)

High risk of not finding desired job/ salary

Language/ culture barrier

International migration:

Movement from one country to another, can include both voluntary or forced e.g Chad - Sudan due to Chadian civil war

Pros:

Diverse skill set of workers - may be willing to do lower paid jobs

More opps for migrants

Greater safety

Cons:

Brain drain on home

Strain on resources for host

Disagreement on religion & culture

Permanent migration:

People move to another country or within a country without intention of returning of moving back e.g Windrush (see other pros & cons)

Forced migration:

Involuntary movement of people away from their home - can be international or internal - may be due to war, persecution, natural disasters, famine e.g Syrian crisis (45m refugees fleeing due to conflict)

Voluntary migration

Based on ones free will - may be due to better living conditions, education, healthcare e.g Windrush

Pros:

Opps for cultural diversity

Increased workforce with transferable skills

Cons:

Resource shortages

Internal migration:

Permanent move within a particular country e.g North - South England

Pros:

Economic stability

Improved quality of life

Cons:

Overcrowding in cities

Large numbers of young adults in urban areas without adequate employment opps

Key terms:

Migrant: individual who moves from one area to another

Refugee: person who flees for refuge or safety, especially to another country

Asylum seeker: person who, from fear of persecution (race, religion, views, sexuality...) has crossed international frontier into a country where they then hope to be granted refugee status under 1951 UN Convention on Status of Refugees

Distance Decay Model:

IMG_5199

Greater the distance of migration - fewer the numbers of people that will embark on that movement

Argument: further distance, greater intervening obstacles (cost/language), prove insurmountable barrier

For every 1 international migrant, there are many internal ones

Current trends:

Europe:

Nearly 90% of those who attempt reach Europe by sea

Mostly come from: Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea, Nigeria, Pakistan

North & South America

Poverty & conflict in Mexico & Central America (Venezuela) uprooted millions

Human flow from s. & Central America included 68,000 unaccompanied minors (2013-14) according to US border force

South East Asia:

Political upheaval - Muslim Rohingya from Myanmar

Restrictive migration policies + lack of legal framework for refugees made S.E.Asia increasingly dangerous for migrants

6,000 people fled Myanmar & Bangladesh and were stranded at sea on overcrowded fishing boats

23.6m people from S.E.Asia remain displaced and outside the continent

Borderless World:

Globalisation is arguably leading to borderless world - as connections continue to grow regions and countries become more interdependant

Evidence to support:

EU - Schengen Zone

Evidence to refute:

Most countries have strict checks on trade & people entering

Push for free trade agreements e.g UK-US - also already some in place - NAFTA

Movements from world's poorest nations rooted in absolute poverty

Movements from EEs to developed nations explained in terms of relative poverty

brain drain for home

Diaspora: scattered population whose origin lies in smaller geographical location or movement of population from original homeland e.g Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Irish Diaspora

Cause

Where did people go?

What happened when they got there?

Potato famine - failure of crop many people relied on for most of nutrition

1m deaths (1845-51)

1m emigrated - Ireland lost 1/4 of pop

British exacerbated problem by exporting food out of the country

UK - 57.1%

US - 15%

Australia - 11.5%

Canada - 3.8%

people moved to us with hope of land ownership, greater religious freedom - diaspora already there

Immigrants often crowded into tiny houses - lack of adequate sewage, running water