Classification of migrants & Current trends + Borderless World & Diaspora:
Classification:
Temp migration
Migration to country not intended to be peramanent, fro specified & limited period of time, usually for specific reason e.g seasonal work permit
Pros:
Cheap labour force for host country
Better jobs for migrants ( in theory)
Better position/ higher salary
Opp of citizenship
Cons:
Possible tense enviro in host
Possible increase of tension on labour market
Loss of working pop for home country (brain drain)
High risk of not finding desired job/ salary
Language/ culture barrier
International migration:
Movement from one country to another, can include both voluntary or forced e.g Chad - Sudan due to Chadian civil war
Pros:
Diverse skill set of workers - may be willing to do lower paid jobs
More opps for migrants
Greater safety
Cons:
Brain drain on home
Strain on resources for host
Disagreement on religion & culture
Permanent migration:
People move to another country or within a country without intention of returning of moving back e.g Windrush (see other pros & cons)
Forced migration:
Involuntary movement of people away from their home - can be international or internal - may be due to war, persecution, natural disasters, famine e.g Syrian crisis (45m refugees fleeing due to conflict)
Voluntary migration
Based on ones free will - may be due to better living conditions, education, healthcare e.g Windrush
Pros:
Opps for cultural diversity
Increased workforce with transferable skills
Cons:
Resource shortages
Internal migration:
Permanent move within a particular country e.g North - South England
Pros:
Economic stability
Improved quality of life
Cons:
Overcrowding in cities
Large numbers of young adults in urban areas without adequate employment opps
Key terms:
Migrant: individual who moves from one area to another
Refugee: person who flees for refuge or safety, especially to another country
Asylum seeker: person who, from fear of persecution (race, religion, views, sexuality...) has crossed international frontier into a country where they then hope to be granted refugee status under 1951 UN Convention on Status of Refugees
Distance Decay Model:
Greater the distance of migration - fewer the numbers of people that will embark on that movement
Argument: further distance, greater intervening obstacles (cost/language), prove insurmountable barrier
For every 1 international migrant, there are many internal ones
Current trends:
Europe:
Nearly 90% of those who attempt reach Europe by sea
Mostly come from: Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea, Nigeria, Pakistan
North & South America
Poverty & conflict in Mexico & Central America (Venezuela) uprooted millions
Human flow from s. & Central America included 68,000 unaccompanied minors (2013-14) according to US border force
South East Asia:
Political upheaval - Muslim Rohingya from Myanmar
Restrictive migration policies + lack of legal framework for refugees made S.E.Asia increasingly dangerous for migrants
6,000 people fled Myanmar & Bangladesh and were stranded at sea on overcrowded fishing boats
23.6m people from S.E.Asia remain displaced and outside the continent
Borderless World:
Globalisation is arguably leading to borderless world - as connections continue to grow regions and countries become more interdependant
Evidence to support:
EU - Schengen Zone
Evidence to refute:
Most countries have strict checks on trade & people entering
Push for free trade agreements e.g UK-US - also already some in place - NAFTA
Movements from world's poorest nations rooted in absolute poverty
Movements from EEs to developed nations explained in terms of relative poverty
brain drain for home
Diaspora: scattered population whose origin lies in smaller geographical location or movement of population from original homeland e.g Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Irish Diaspora
Cause
Where did people go?
What happened when they got there?
Potato famine - failure of crop many people relied on for most of nutrition
1m deaths (1845-51)
1m emigrated - Ireland lost 1/4 of pop
British exacerbated problem by exporting food out of the country
UK - 57.1%
US - 15%
Australia - 11.5%
Canada - 3.8%
people moved to us with hope of land ownership, greater religious freedom - diaspora already there
Immigrants often crowded into tiny houses - lack of adequate sewage, running water