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Classification of migrants & Current trends + Borderless World &…
Classification of migrants & Current trends + Borderless World & Diaspora:
Classification:
Temp migration
Migration to country not intended to be peramanent, fro specified & limited period of time, usually for specific reason e.g seasonal work permit
Pros:
Cheap labour force for host country
Better jobs for migrants ( in theory)
Better position/ higher salary
Opp of citizenship
Cons:
Possible tense enviro in host
Possible increase of tension on labour market
Loss of working pop for home country (brain drain)
High risk of not finding desired job/ salary
Language/ culture barrier
International migration:
Movement from one country to another, can include both voluntary or forced e.g Chad - Sudan due to Chadian civil war
Pros:
Diverse skill set of workers - may be willing to do lower paid jobs
More opps for migrants
Greater safety
Cons:
Brain drain on home
Strain on resources for host
Disagreement on religion & culture
Permanent migration:
People move to another country or within a country without intention of returning of moving back e.g Windrush (see other pros & cons)
Forced migration:
Involuntary movement of people away from their home - can be international or internal - may be due to war, persecution, natural disasters, famine e.g Syrian crisis (45m refugees fleeing due to conflict)
Voluntary migration
Based on ones free will - may be due to better living conditions, education, healthcare e.g Windrush
Pros:
Opps for cultural diversity
Increased workforce with transferable skills
Cons:
Resource shortages
brain drain for home
Internal migration:
Permanent move within a particular country e.g North - South England
Pros:
Economic stability
Improved quality of life
Cons:
Overcrowding in cities
Large numbers of young adults in urban areas without adequate employment opps
Key terms:
Migrant: individual who moves from one area to another
Refugee: person who flees for refuge or safety, especially to another country
Asylum seeker: person who, from fear of persecution (race, religion, views, sexuality...) has crossed international frontier into a country where they then hope to be granted refugee status under 1951 UN Convention on Status of Refugees
Distance Decay Model:
Greater the distance of migration - fewer the numbers of people that will embark on that movement
Argument: further distance, greater intervening obstacles (cost/language), prove insurmountable barrier
For every 1 international migrant, there are many internal ones
Current trends:
Europe:
Nearly 90% of those who attempt reach Europe by sea
Mostly come from: Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea, Nigeria, Pakistan
North & South America
Poverty & conflict in Mexico & Central America (Venezuela) uprooted millions
Human flow from s. & Central America included 68,000 unaccompanied minors (2013-14) according to US border force
South East Asia:
Political upheaval - Muslim Rohingya from Myanmar
Restrictive migration policies + lack of legal framework for refugees made S.E.Asia increasingly dangerous for migrants
6,000 people fled Myanmar & Bangladesh and were stranded at sea on overcrowded fishing boats
23.6m people from S.E.Asia remain displaced and outside the continent
Movements from world's poorest nations rooted in absolute poverty
Movements from EEs to developed nations explained in terms of relative poverty
Borderless World:
Globalisation is arguably leading to borderless world - as connections continue to grow regions and countries become more interdependant
Evidence to support:
EU - Schengen Zone
Push for free trade agreements e.g UK-US - also already some in place - NAFTA
Evidence to refute:
Most countries have strict checks on trade & people entering
Diaspora: scattered population whose origin lies in smaller geographical location or movement of population from original homeland e.g Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Irish Diaspora
Cause
Potato famine - failure of crop many people relied on for most of nutrition
1m deaths (1845-51)
1m emigrated - Ireland lost 1/4 of pop
British exacerbated problem by exporting food out of the country
Where did people go?
UK - 57.1%
US - 15%
Australia - 11.5%
Canada - 3.8%
What happened when they got there?
people moved to us with hope of land ownership, greater religious freedom - diaspora already there
Immigrants often crowded into tiny houses - lack of adequate sewage, running water
