Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
EMPHYSEMA, Group members:
Sengson, Miguel
Tuazon, Angelo
Villanueva,…
EMPHYSEMA
-
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Imbalanced Nutrition less than body requirements related to reduced appetite, decreased energy level and dyspnea.
-
-
-
-
66-year-old man with a smoking history of one pack per day for the past 47 years presents with progressive shortness of breath and chronic cough.
-
-
Case Scenario for Emphysema
A 66-year-old man with a smoking history of one pack per day for the past 47 years presents with progressive shortness of breath and chronic cough, productive of yellowish sputum, for the past 2 years. On examination he appears cachectic and in moderate respiratory distress, especially after walking to the examination room, and has pursed-lip breathing. His neck veins are mildly distended. Lung examination reveals a barrel chest and poor air entry bilaterally, with moderate inspiratory and expiratory wheezing. Heart and abdominal examination are within normal limits. Lower extremities exhibit scant pitting edema
EXPLANATION:
Emphysema is a disorder in which the alveolar walls are destroyed. This destruction led to permanent overdistention of the air spaces. Air passages are obstructed as a result of these changes, rather than from mucus production as in chronic bronchitis. Some forms of emphysema may result in breakdown in the lungs normal defence mechanism (Alpha1 – Antitrypsin [AAT]) against certain enzymes. Research shows that the enzymes protease and elastase can attack and destroy the connective tissue of the lungs. Difficult expiration in emphysema is the result of the destruction of the walls (septa) between alveoli, partial airway collapse and loss of elastic recoil. As the alveoli and septa collapse, pockets of air form between the alveolar spaces (blebs) and within the lung parenchyma (bullae). This process increased ventilatory dead space from areas that do not participate in gas or blood exchange. The work of breathing is increased because there is less functional lung tissue to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Emphysema causes destruction of the pulmonary capillaries, further decreasing oxygen perfusion and ventilation (Black & Hawks, 2008).
CLASSIFICATIONS
Panlobar or Panacinar – destruction of the entire alveolus uniformly; diffuse & more severe in the lower lung areas.
Centrilobular or Centriacinar – opening occur in the bronchioles and allow spaces to develop as tissue walls breakdown; upper lung secretions
Paraseptal or Distal acinar – only the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs are affected; upper half of the lung.
-
-
-
Group members:
Sengson, Miguel
Tuazon, Angelo
Villanueva, Khiel
Soro, Kathlyn
Reyes, Sheikynah