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RAYPUNG acids and bases - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the reverse reaction
      - There is one acid and one base as reactants, and one acid and one base as products.
    - - the reaction of water with the hydrogen sulfate ion.
      - An amphoteric substance is one that is capable of acting as either an acid or a base by donating or accepting hydrogen ions.
  - - - acid + base ⇄ conjugate base + conjugate acid
- - - - https://youtu.be/xJp_-cioJHU
- - - - The self-ionization of water occurs to a very limited extent.
        
        the process in which water ionizes to hydronium ions and hydroxide ions
        
        When two molecules of water collide, there can be a transfer of a hydrogen ion from one molecule to the other.
        
        The products are a positively charged hydronium ion and a negatively charged hydroxide ion.
        
        H2O(l)+H2O(l)⇄H3O^+(aq)+OH^−(aq)
        
        H2O(l)⇄H^+(aq)+OH^−(aq)
    - - Kw=[H^+][OH^−]
      - The ion-product of water (Kw) is the mathematical product of the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
      - At 25°C, the experimentally determined value of Kw in pure water is 1.0 × 10-14.
        
        Kw=[H+][OH−]=1.0×10−14
        
        [H+]=[OH−]=1.0×10−7 M
  - - - Known
        
        [HCl] = 2.0 × 10^-3 M
        Kw=1.0×10^−14
      - Unknown
        
        [H+] = ? M
        [OH-] = ? M
      - [H+]=2.0×10−3 M
        Kw=[H+][OH−]=1.0×10^−14
        [OH−]=Kw/[H+]=1.0×10^−14/2.0×10^−3=5.0×10^−12 M
  - - - HCl(g)→H+(aq)+Cl−(aq)
      - hydrogen chloride ionizes to produce H+ and Cl− ions upon dissolving in water.
      - This increases the concentration of H+ ions in the solution.
        
        According to LeChâtelier’s principle, the equilibrium represented by H2O(l)⇄H+(aq)+OH−(aq) is forced to the left, towards the reactant. As a result, the concentration of the hydroxide ion decreases.
  - - - KOH(s)→K+(aq)+OH−(aq)
      - Solid potassium hydroxide dissociates in water to yield potassium ions and hydroxide ions.
      - The increase in concentration of the OH− ions causes a decrease in the concentration of the H+ ions and the ion-product of [H+][OH−] remains constant
- - - - pH = -log[H+]
  - - - coffee
      - tomato juice
      - pH3
    - - eggs
      - blood
      - pH9.5
- - - - At the equivalence point in a neutralization, the moles of acid are equal to the moles of base.
    - - Recall that the molarity (M) of a solution is defined as the moles of the solute divided by the liters of solution (L).
      - the moles of solute are therefore equal to the molarity of a solution multiplied by the volume in liters.
    - - MA is the molarity of the acid, while MB is the molarity of the base. VA and VB are the volumes of the acid and base, respectively.
    - - The higher molarity of the acid compared to the base in this case means that a smaller volume of the acid is required to reach the equivalence point.