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The First World War
Causes
sources of tension
Morocco
imperialism
France wanted region of Alsace-Lorraine
control of colonies
economic expansion
led to two Moroccan crises
Balkans
nationalism
Austro-Hungarian - Russian Empire
Serbia angry about the expansion
led to recurring crises
supremacy of merchant navy threatened
militarism
large fleet of merchant ship
dominate international trade
economic power
pre-war atmosphere
increase spending on arms
+military capability
+prepared
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
assassinated in Sarajevo 1914
shot by a young Bosnian Serb nationalist
Austria sent them an ultimatum
then declared war
The pre-war crises
1905
Germany wanted Morocco out of France's control
establish German protectorate
failed
1908
Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina.
led to protests from Serbians
angered Russia
Serbia's traditional ally
1911
confrontation with France
French protectorate =Germany
ceded a part of its territories in the Congo
1912–13
war on the Ottoman Empire
for possession of territories in the Balkans
division of the territories
1913= Treaty of Buchares
expanded its Balkan territories
Bulgaria was defeated
provoking the hostility
interests in this area
Economy and society
war economy
prices increased
production decreased
consumer goods
Agricultural
weren't enough labourers
shortages of some products
Rationing was introduced
black market developed
ration cards
obtain rationed goods
industrial sector concentrated
production of military equipment
supplies
change customs + new jobs
young men
conscripted /recruited into armed forces
Women
leave home to fill positions men left
allowed to do jobs in economic sectors
previously only been done by men
Peace settlement
Treaty of Versailles
particularly severe terms for Germany
prohibition of
planes
submarines
heavy artillery
payment of huge economic reparations
reduction of its territories
demilitarisation of Rhineland
division of its eastern territories into 2
give Poland access to the sea.
German representatives protested
against humiliating conditions
become a source of future conflict
Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920
representatives of the victorious countries
peace conditions
imposed on defeated countries
Woodrow Wilson
Fourteen Points= peace agreement
basis for peace negotiations
creating a League of Nations
respect for a nation's right to self-determination
freedom of trade
democratic states
plan rejected by Allied countries
France in particular insisted
Germany to be responsible
pay for the damage
Paris Peace Settlement was agreed
long negotiations
representatives of the victorious countries
Five separate treaties were ratified
signed by each of the defeated countries
Phases of the war
Trench warfare (1915–16)
Western Front
focused on defending their positions
built trenches
ditches in the ground
defend themselves
using everything they could
To break the Western Front
new military tactics
used battleships and submarines
Battle of Jutland
British fleet defeated the German
Initial German offensives (1914)
Schlieffen Plan into effect
launching a rapid offensive
invading Belgium /north France
aim of reaching Paris.
once defeated German troops advanced
First Battle of the Marne
plan did not succeed
British armies stopped
Incorporation and withdrawal of allies (1917)
United States decided to join
side of the Allies
because German submarines had sunk neutral merchant ships
Peace of Brest-Litovsk
caused by a political and social revolution
Russia to withdraw
The end of the war and the Armistice (1918)
Second Battle of the Marne
help of the American troops and weapons
Allied forces to advance
Central Powers seek peace
Exhaustion
ever-increasing lack of resources
Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated
november 11 Armistice was signed
Consequences
Social /economic
Destruction of the cities
damaged and destroyed in areas of combat,
agricultural land
factories
transport networks
negative impact on the economy
Incorporation of women in the workplace
were not enough jobs
return to the home
Decrease in population
drastic reduction
available workforce
birth rates
tens of millions of victims
Loss of Europe's economic power
material losses
loans
Territorial
Redistribution of the colonies
peace treaties included
guaranteed Allied powers
industrial development
provided
workforce
markets
raw materials
The new map of Europe
creation of new states.
end of the last of the European empires
alliances
The Central Powers
Austro-Hungarian Empire allied with German/ Ottoman empires
Italy
remain neutral
signed a pack to defend
didn't feel obliged to participate
The Allies
Serbia was allied with the Triple Entente
later others joined
