The First World War
Causes
Economy and society
Peace settlement
Phases of the war
Consequences
alliances
sources of tension
Morocco
Balkans
imperialism
France wanted region of Alsace-Lorraine
nationalism
supremacy of merchant navy threatened
militarism
large fleet of merchant ship
economic power
dominate international trade
control of colonies
economic expansion
led to two Moroccan crises
Serbia angry about the expansion
led to recurring crises
Austro-Hungarian - Russian Empire
pre-war atmosphere
increase spending on arms
+military capability
+prepared
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
assassinated in Sarajevo 1914
shot by a young Bosnian Serb nationalist
Austria sent them an ultimatum
then declared war
The pre-war crises
1905
1908
1911
Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina.
1912–13
Germany wanted Morocco out of France's control
establish German protectorate
failed
led to protests from Serbians
angered Russia
Serbia's traditional ally
confrontation with France
French protectorate =Germany
ceded a part of its territories in the Congo
war on the Ottoman Empire
for possession of territories in the Balkans
1913= Treaty of Buchares
division of the territories
expanded its Balkan territories
Bulgaria was defeated
provoking the hostility
interests in this area
The Central Powers
The Allies
Austro-Hungarian Empire allied with German/ Ottoman empires
Italy
remain neutral
didn't feel obliged to participate
signed a pack to defend
Serbia was allied with the Triple Entente
later others joined
Trench warfare (1915–16)
Initial German offensives (1914)
Incorporation and withdrawal of allies (1917)
Schlieffen Plan into effect
launching a rapid offensive
invading Belgium /north France
aim of reaching Paris.
once defeated German troops advanced
First Battle of the Marne
plan did not succeed
British armies stopped
The end of the war and the Armistice (1918)
United States decided to join
side of the Allies
because German submarines had sunk neutral merchant ships
Peace of Brest-Litovsk
caused by a political and social revolution
Russia to withdraw
Second Battle of the Marne
help of the American troops and weapons
Allied forces to advance
Central Powers seek peace
Exhaustion
ever-increasing lack of resources
Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated
november 11 Armistice was signed
Western Front
focused on defending their positions
built trenches
ditches in the ground
defend themselves
using everything they could
To break the Western Front
new military tactics
Battle of Jutland
British fleet defeated the German
used battleships and submarines
war economy
prices increased
Rationing was introduced
industrial sector concentrated
change customs + new jobs
young men
Women
conscripted /recruited into armed forces
leave home to fill positions men left
allowed to do jobs in economic sectors
previously only been done by men
production decreased
consumer goods
Agricultural
weren't enough labourers
shortages of some products
production of military equipment
supplies
black market developed
ration cards
obtain rationed goods
Treaty of Versailles
particularly severe terms for Germany
prohibition of
planes
submarines
heavy artillery
payment of huge economic reparations
reduction of its territories
demilitarisation of Rhineland
division of its eastern territories into 2
give Poland access to the sea.
German representatives protested
against humiliating conditions
become a source of future conflict
Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920
representatives of the victorious countries
peace conditions
imposed on defeated countries
Woodrow Wilson
Fourteen Points= peace agreement
basis for peace negotiations
creating a League of Nations
respect for a nation's right to self-determination
freedom of trade
democratic states
plan rejected by Allied countries
France in particular insisted
Germany to be responsible
pay for the damage
Paris Peace Settlement was agreed
long negotiations
Five separate treaties were ratified
signed by each of the defeated countries
representatives of the victorious countries
Social /economic
Territorial
Redistribution of the colonies
The new map of Europe
Destruction of the cities
Incorporation of women in the workplace
Decrease in population
Loss of Europe's economic power
drastic reduction
were not enough jobs
available workforce
birth rates
tens of millions of victims
return to the home
material losses
loans
damaged and destroyed in areas of combat,
negative impact on the economy
agricultural land
factories
transport networks
creation of new states.
end of the last of the European empires
peace treaties included
guaranteed Allied powers
industrial development
provided
workforce
markets
raw materials