The First World War
image

Causes

Economy and society

Peace settlement

Phases of the war

Consequences

alliances

sources of tension

Morocco

Balkans

imperialism

France wanted region of Alsace-Lorraine

nationalism

supremacy of merchant navy threatened

militarism

large fleet of merchant ship

economic power

dominate international trade

control of colonies

economic expansion

led to two Moroccan crises

Serbia angry about the expansion

led to recurring crises

Austro-Hungarian - Russian Empire

pre-war atmosphere

increase spending on arms

+military capability

+prepared

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

assassinated in Sarajevo 1914

shot by a young Bosnian Serb nationalist

Austria sent them an ultimatum

then declared war

The pre-war crises


1905

1908

1911

Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina.

1912–13

image

Germany wanted Morocco out of France's control

establish German protectorate

failed

led to protests from Serbians

angered Russia

Serbia's traditional ally

confrontation with France

French protectorate =Germany

ceded a part of its territories in the Congo

war on the Ottoman Empire

for possession of territories in the Balkans

1913= Treaty of Buchares

division of the territories

expanded its Balkan territories

Bulgaria was defeated

provoking the hostility

interests in this area

image

The Central Powers

The Allies

Austro-Hungarian Empire allied with German/ Ottoman empires

Italy

remain neutral

didn't feel obliged to participate

signed a pack to defend

Serbia was allied with the Triple Entente

later others joined

image

image

image

image

image

Trench warfare (1915–16)

Initial German offensives (1914)

Incorporation and withdrawal of allies (1917)

Schlieffen Plan into effect

launching a rapid offensive

invading Belgium /north France

aim of reaching Paris.

once defeated German troops advanced

First Battle of the Marne

plan did not succeed

British armies stopped

The end of the war and the Armistice (1918)

United States decided to join

side of the Allies

because German submarines had sunk neutral merchant ships

Peace of Brest-Litovsk

caused by a political and social revolution

Russia to withdraw

Second Battle of the Marne

help of the American troops and weapons

Allied forces to advance

Central Powers seek peace

Exhaustion

ever-increasing lack of resources

Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated

november 11 Armistice was signed

Western Front

focused on defending their positions

built trenches

ditches in the ground

defend themselves

using everything they could

To break the Western Front

new military tactics

Battle of Jutland

British fleet defeated the German

used battleships and submarines

image

image

image

image

image

war economy

prices increased

Rationing was introduced

industrial sector concentrated

change customs + new jobs

young men

Women

conscripted /recruited into armed forces

leave home to fill positions men left

allowed to do jobs in economic sectors

previously only been done by men

production decreased

consumer goods

Agricultural

weren't enough labourers

shortages of some products

production of military equipment

supplies

black market developed

ration cards

obtain rationed goods

image

image

Treaty of Versailles

particularly severe terms for Germany

prohibition of

planes

submarines

heavy artillery

payment of huge economic reparations

reduction of its territories

demilitarisation of Rhineland

division of its eastern territories into 2

give Poland access to the sea.

German representatives protested

against humiliating conditions

become a source of future conflict

Captura de pantalla (336)

Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920

representatives of the victorious countries

peace conditions

imposed on defeated countries

Woodrow Wilson

Fourteen Points= peace agreement

basis for peace negotiations

creating a League of Nations

respect for a nation's right to self-determination

freedom of trade

democratic states

plan rejected by Allied countries

France in particular insisted

Germany to be responsible

pay for the damage

Paris Peace Settlement was agreed

long negotiations

Five separate treaties were ratified

signed by each of the defeated countries

representatives of the victorious countries

image

image

image

image

Social /economic

Territorial

image

Redistribution of the colonies

The new map of Europe

Destruction of the cities

Incorporation of women in the workplace

Decrease in population

Loss of Europe's economic power

drastic reduction

were not enough jobs

available workforce

birth rates

tens of millions of victims

return to the home

material losses

loans

damaged and destroyed in areas of combat,

negative impact on the economy

agricultural land

factories

transport networks

creation of new states.

end of the last of the European empires

image

peace treaties included

guaranteed Allied powers

industrial development

provided

workforce

markets

raw materials

image

image