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THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, image, image, image, image…
THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
The armed peace in Europe
1870 and 1914
It is call that way
Because tension between the European countries was growing
Countries were dedicating a large part of their production to manufacturing weapons
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE
The role of the German Empire was important
Germany, became the most important power in Europe
because of....
Military development
Economic development
2 phases
The Bismarckian system
1871–1890
Wilhelm I
Emperor of Germany
He used diplomacy to maintain the balance of power
Between European countries
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor
It established a system of alliances
with....
the Austro-Hungarian Empire
the Russian Empire
Italy
Bismarckian alliance system
The first system
1872
1 more item...
The second system
The different treates signed between 1879 and 1882
3 more items...
The third system
1887
2 more items...
Objectives
Maintain Germany hegemony in Europe
The concern of other European countries was to maintain friendly relations with Germany
Prevent France from declaring war on Germany
Bismarck avoided conflict in Europe
For 20 years
He strengthen the army
The expansionist foreign policy of Wilhelm II
1890–1914
The German emperor changed the system of alliances
Focusing on obtaining a colonial empire that reflected Germany's growing economic power
The emperor
Kaiser Wilhelm II
He came to the throne in 1888
Resigned from his position in 1890
France and Russia became allies
Because of France's economic investment in Russian industry
The political hegemony of Wilhelm II caused concern in..
France
Great Britain
Triple Entente
1907
With Russia to try to stop Germany's expansion
The First World War
Also known as the Great War
Fought between
1914 - 1918
By...
Euripean countries and African and Asian colonies
The United States, Japan, China and some Latin American republics
CAUSES OF THE WAR
The Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire
Control of the Balkans
Crises in the Balkans
Serbia was angry about the expansion
France wanted to recover the region of Alsace-Lorraine
France and Germany competed for control of important for economic expansion colonies
Control of important for economic expansion colonies
2 Moroccan crises
Great Britain saw the supremacy of its merchant navy threatened
It had become an economic power during the Second Industrial Revolution
It constructed a large fleet of merchant ships
The disputes created a pre - war atmosphere
They increase their military capability and be prepared in case of war
Governments influenced public opinion in favour of war
Pacifist movements
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire
He was assassinated in Sarajevo. Shot by a young Bosnian Serb nationalist
The Austrian government blamed Serbia for the assassination
They sent them an ultimatum
PRE-war crises
1905
Germany
Tried to establish Morocco as a German protectorate
Didn't work
1908
The Austro-Hungarian Empire annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina
1911
After another confrontation with France
Germany recognised Morocco as a French protectorate
1912-1913
Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire
For the possession of its territories in the Balkans
PHASES OF THE WAR
Different phases
Trench warfare
1915-1916
Germany and the Allies focused on defending their positions
They built trenches
They could defend themselves using new weapons
To break the Western Front
New military tactics were used to wear the enemy down
By continually attacking the same place
The Battle of Jutland
The British fleet defeated the German fleet
Incorporation and withdrawal of allies
1917
The United States decided to join the war
On the side of the Allies
1 January 1917
Germany initiated submarine attacks
A political and social revolution in the Russian Empire caused Russia to withdraw from the war
After signing the Peace of Brest-Litovsk
Initial German offensives
1914
Germany put the Schlieffen Plan into effect
It consisted of:
launching a rapid offensive on the Western Front, invading Belgium and the north of France
With the aim of reaching Paris
German troops advanced on the Eastern Front to fight the Russians
The First Battle of the Marne
The French and British armies stopped the Germans
Japan occupied the German colonies in ...
the Pacific
China
The end of the war and the Armistice
1918
Help of the American troops and weapons
Allowed the Allied forces to advance on the Western Front
Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated, the Armistice was signed
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY DURING THE WAR
The countries established a war economy
The industrial sector
Concentrated on the production of military equipment and supplies
Agricultural and consumer goods production decreased
There weren't enough labourers
Consequence
There were shortages of some products and prices increased
Governments intervened to control the distribution of basic goods and food
Rationing was introduced
People received ration cards that could be used to obtain rationed goods
The black market developed
CHANGES
Most young men were conscripted into the armed forces
Women had to leave the home to fill the positions the men had left
Women were allowed to do jobs in economic sectors
THE PEACE SETTLEMENT
The representatives of the victorious countries met
In the Paris Peace Conference
1919–1920
They decide on the peace conditions that would be imposed on the defeated countries
In January 1918
The United States President Woodrow Wilson had proposed a peace agreement during the war
The Fourteen Points
It was based on...
Freedom of trade
Respect for a nation's right to self-determination
The establishment of democratic states
Creating a League of Nations
The plan was rejected by the Allied countries
The Treaty of Versailles established particularly severe terms for Germany
Prohibition of heavy artillery, planes and submarines
Payment of huge economic reparations
Reduction of its territories, with the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the loss of the Sudetenland
Demilitarisation of the region of the Rhineland
Division of its eastern territories into two parts in order to give Poland access to the sea
The German representatives protested against what they considered to be humiliating conditions
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
Decrease in population
Destruction of the cities
Incorporation of women in the workplace
Loss of Europe's economic power
