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C3 (Ions and ionic bonds, Elements, compounds and mixtures, Molecules and…
C3
Ions and ionic bonds
Ion is an atom that carries a charge because of the difference of the amount of protons in the nucleus and orbiting electrons.
Positive ions are called cations, negative ions anions
Metals form cations when they lose electrons from outer electron shell because an atom is trying to achieve noble gas structure - more stable
Positive/Negative?
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Non-metallic groups are energetically easier for them to gain electrons, to attain full outer shell - anions
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Ionic lattice structure
A lattice forms because the electrostatic forces between the charged ions are very strong. A single ion is actually attracted to more than one oppositely charged ion in a regular arrangement of alternating cations and anions
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Conducts electricity when they are molten in a liquid state or dissolved in solution, because ions are free to move through the liquid and carry a charge
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Valency
The number of electrons gained, lost or shared in forming a compound/chemical bond
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Elements, compounds and mixtures
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Compound is formed when two or more atoms of different elements are joined together by a chemical bond or bonds
Mixture is formed when two or more substances are found together in the same state but are not chemically bound to each other
In the PT, metallic substances are found on the left-hand side and non-metals are found to the right
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Non-metals
Don't conduct heat or electricity, apart from graphite that does
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Macromolecules
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Diamond
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Allotrope is an amount of a pure substance whose atoms can be bonded together in different forms despite being in the same physical state
Diamond is a repeating network of covalently bonded carbon molecules - central carbon atom covalently bonds to four other atoms. Achieved noble gas structure, but surrounding atoms haven't.
Repetition of pattern generates a huge molecule that is extremely hard, insoluble and has very high melting and boiling points
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Diamond is used across a range of industries as an addition to specific cutting drools like drills and saws
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Graphite
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Forms a characteristically layered hexagonal arrangement - layers can slide over one another due to presence of delocalised electrons - left over after all bonding has occurred, and they move freely along the layers
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Silicon(IV) oxide
Transparent crystals, very hard and has extremely high M&B points
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