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Heart Failure, Heart Failure: a condition that occurs when the heart is…
Heart Failure
Neurological Effects
It is believed that cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction, micro-embolism and chronic and intermittent cerebral hypoperfusion leads to cerebral hypoxia and ischemic brain injury.
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Gastrointestinal Effects
Mesenteric hypoperfusion and bowel edema triggers an inflammatory response. Additionally, air gets trapped in the chest cavity, which puts pressure on the diaphragm and also worsen breathing difficulties.
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Genitourinary Effects
Reduced perfusion can have a direct affect on both the heart and the kidneys. Heart failure and renal injury usually accompany each other and the failure of one often precipitates the decline of the other.
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Musculoskeletal Effects
Heart failure can lead to skeletal muscle performance loss.
Cardiac cachexia, or weight loss, can be caused by heart failure and can is a risk factor for death.
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Reduction of mitochondrial number and decreased surface density of cristae (essential to mitochondrial function)
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Respiratory Effects
The influence of heart failure on the lungs is less well known. Despite normal blood gases, respiratory effort is increased, possibly due to the increased ratio of dead space or title volume and the reduction in the diffusion.
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Cardiovascular Effects
Medications
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Diuretics
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hydrochlorothiazide/Esidrix, Hydrodiuril
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Vascular disease is common in heart failure, which can lead to endothelial dysfunction-an imbalance of regulation of vasodilation and vasoconstriction including reduction in nitric oxide. leads to vasoconstriction, increased afterload and peripheral resistance.
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Heart Failure: a condition that occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can occur if the heart is unable to fill with enough blood or if the heart is too weak to pump properly.