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MIC2000: Innate and adaptive, MIC2000: Immune response to various…
MIC2000: Innate and adaptive
Innate
Innate immune cells
Dendritic cells
APC presenting cells
Capture and take to correct place, Display antigens in form that can be recognised, provide second singlas for T cell activation
Found in most tissues
Neutrophils
Extracellular bacteria and fungi
Multilobed nucleus
Macrophages/Monocytes
Release IL-8
Phagocyte: reactive oxygen independent/dependent
NK + Thelper cell 1 release IFNg to enhance macrophage activity
Monocytes in blood, develop into dendritic/macrophages when migrate to tissues
Mast cells
Release histamine and lipid mediators
Defense against helminths
Basophils
'redundant mast cells' (similar to mast cells)
Release active mediators from granules
Activated in allergic responses
Natural killer cells
Release IFNg for macrophages
Kills tumour + virally infected cells with perforin + granenzymes
IL-12 enhances NK cell
Large granular lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Defense against nematodes
Bilobed nucleus
Major basic protein
Fever
IL-6, IL-8
Extracellular barrier
Skin, mucosal tissues
Inflammation + recruitment
Chemokines
Promote repair, prevent infection and recruit more immune cells to site
Dilation of capillaries, increased leakiness, accumulation of immune ceclls
C-reactive protein synthesised by liver in response to cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF
APC presenting cells
Dendritic cells, macrophage
Adaptive
T lymphocytes: cell mediated
Activation
MHC II peptide + costimulatory molecule > CD4 T cells
MHC I + costimulatory molecule > CD8 T cell
TCR
Effector
CD4 Helper T cells
Various cytokines released
Treg: inhibit immune responses via cell surface molecules of cytokines
Th2: release IL-4, promotes IgE production
Th1: release IFNg to activate macrophages
Th17: IL-17 attracts neutrophils + IL-22 induces production of antimicrobial peptide
Macrophage activation
Stimulation of B cells
CD8 T cell
Kills intracellular bacteria/virus with perforin (facilitate entry) and granenzymes
B lymphocytes: humoral mediated
Activation
T-B cell interaction + costimulatory molecule (CD40L on T cell + CD40)
BCR
Effector
Antibodies
Opsonisation + Fc receptor mediated phagocytosis
Complement
Inflammation
Complement mediated cytotxicity (Complement attack complex)
Neutralisation
Neutralisation
5 classes of antibodies: dependent on heavy chain
Isotype switching does not affect antigen specificity!!!
Extras
Lymphoid organs
Primary: foetal liver, bone marrow, thymus
Secondary: lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal tissue
Lymph node paracortex: T-cell, Lymph node secondary follicle: B cell
Spleen: contains white pulp which contain lymphoid follicles (mainly B cells)
Cytokines: small proteins released by cell in order to change function of the same or another cell (immunological hormones)
Chemokines: cytokines that attract cells along a gradient from low to high concentration
Recognition, activation, effector
Antimicrobial peptides
Defensins: lyse biological memmbranes of target cells
Secreted in mucosal surfaces/produced by innate cells
Lysozyme: Hydrolyses polysaccharide component of bacterial and yeast cell walls
Present in tears and other secretions
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns target of innate cells
recognized by Pattern Recognition Receptors: e.g. Toll like receptors
Lipopolysaccharide on bacteria
Can be secreted, on cell surface, intracellular of immune cell
Complement: family of defence molecules: over 20 proteins involved
Type 1 interferons: cytokines produced by any/all nucleated cell in response to viral replication
MIC2000: Immune response to various pathogens