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Ecology of the Peer Group, Macrosystem Influences on the Peer Group:…
Ecology of the Peer Group
Macrosystem Influences on the Peer Group: Developmental Tasks
Getting along with others
Developing Morals and Values
Rules as a moral component
Type of morality
morality of constraint
morality of cooperation
Learning Appropriate Sociocultural Roles
Sex and Gender Roles
Gender role
Sex education
Achieving Personal Independence and Identity
Social support
Chronosystem Influences on the Peer Group: Play/ Activities
The significance and development of play
play
Solitary
Onlooker
Parallel
Associative
Cooperative
Imitative play
Exploratory play
Testing play
Model-building play
Infant/ Toddler Peer Activities
Early Childhood Peer Activities
Middle Childhood/ Preadolescent Peer Activities
Games and development
Adolescent Peer Activities
The Peer Group as a Socializing Agent
Peers
approximately same
gender
age
SES
The Significance of Peers to Human Development
Belonging Needs and Social Interaction
Infancy/ Toddlerhood (Birth to age 1 1/2 or 2 years
sense of belonging develops first within the family
securely attached
Attachment theory
Early Childhood (ages 2 to 5 or 6 years)
secure they feel in their attachment to their mothers
willingness of adults to provide opportunities for social interaction
Middle Childhood (age 6 to 12 or 13 years
Adolescence (age 12 or 13 to about 18 years)
Sense of self
Parent versus Peer Influence
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
The Peer's Group's Influence on Social Development: Social Competence and Conformity
Social competence
Age
Situation
Personal Values
Peer Group Socializing Mechanisms
Reinforcement
positive
negative
neutral
Modeling
situation
model
observer
Punishment
Apprenticeship
Peer Group Acceptance/ Neglect/ Rejection
Acceptance
sociometry
Neglected or Rejected
Table 8.1 page 311
Peer Sociotherapy
Definition
Peer Groups Dynamics and Social Hierarchies
Clique Inclusion and Exclusion
Bullies and Victims
Bullying
Bullies tend to have the following characteristics
domination needs
Impulsive, low tolerance for frustration, easily angered
usually physically stronger than peers
Difficult adhering to rules
Generally oppositional, defiant, aggressive
show little empathy
a relatively positive self-concept
engage in antisocial behavior
Victims tend to have the following characteristics
pg 317
Mesosystem Influences on the Peer Group: Adult-Child Interaction
Adult-Structured Peer Groups
Adult- Mediated Group Interaction
Adult Leadership Styles
authoritarian
Democratic (authoritative)
Laissez-faire (permissive)
Team Sports
The Peer Group's Influence on Psychological Development: Emotions
followership
leadership
Peer Group's Influence on Cognitive Development: Social Cognitive
Social cognitive
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
assumptive realities
cognitive conceit
Formal Operational stage
reality testing
imaginary audience
Peer Group Interaction
Development of Friendship
momentary playmateship
one-way assistance
Two-way, fair-weather cooperation
Intimate, mutually shared relationships
autonomous, interdependent friendships
Antisocial Behavior: Gangs
Gang
Cultural group- usually made up of one cultural group
SES- usually from poorer families, recently more in middle SES
Family structure- usually come from families with minimal supervision or come from a family with gang lineage
Belief system- victims and blame society for their problems
Prosocial Behavior: Peer Collaboration, Tutoring, and Counseling