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Lymp Immune system - Jaden Ross P.6 A&P - Coggle Diagram
Lymp Immune system - Jaden Ross P.6 A&P
Passive and Active Immunity
Passive
Passive humoral immunity occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
Naturally acquired: antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
Artificially acquired: injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
– Protection immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in body
Active
Active humoral immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
Naturally acquired: formed in response to
actual bacterial or viral infection
Artificially acquired: formed in response to
vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificial
Active
vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogen
Passive
injection of exogenous antibodies (gamma globulin)
Natural
Active
Injection; contact with pathogen
Passive
antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta; or to infant in her milk
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral (anti-body mediated) Response
Antibodies, produced by lymphocytes, circulate freely in body fluids
Bind temporarily to target cell
Mark for destruction
Cellular (cell-mediated) Response
Lymphocytes act against target cell
Indirectly—by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response; or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
Directly—by killing infected cells
T-cells
CD4 cells becaome helper t cells that activate B cells
CD8 cells become cytotoxic T-cells and destroy cells with forien antigens
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
First Line of Defense: Surface Barriers (non-specific)
Skin and mucous membranes produce protective chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganisms
Acid: acidity of skin and some mucous secretions inhibits growth; called acid mantle
Enzymes: lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms; enzymes in stomach kill many microorganisms
Mucin: sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps microorganisms
Second Line of Defense : Cells and Chemicals (non-specific)
Phagocytes
Phagocytes: white blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders
Neutrophils: most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
Macrophages: develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell
Natural killer (NK) cells
Kill by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells
Nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph
Secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
Inflammatory response (macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and inflammatory chemicals)
Four cardinal signs of acute inflammation: Redness, heat, swelling, pain
Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins)
Fever
Innate system necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues
Third Line of Defense(specific)
attacks specific foreign substances; takes longer to react than innate
Lymphocytes, antibodies, memory cells, t-cells, b-cells, antigens, and antibodies
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Lymphatic system
managing the fluid levels in the body
reacting to bacteria
dealing with cancer cells
dealing with cell products that otherwise would result in disease or disorders
absorbing some of the fats in our diet from the intestine.
immune system
recognizes and removes abnormal cells protects body from disease removes dead and damages tissue
fighting pathogens
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Primary lymphoid organs
red bone marrow
where red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells are created
mostly found in flat bones
thymus
site of T-cell maturation
anterior to ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum
Secondary lymphoid organs
spleen
removes bloodborne pathogens and aged red blood cells and site lymphocyte activation and proliferation, stores platelets, monocytes, and iron
upper right side of abdomen
lymph nodes
cleans lymph and site for lymphocyte and proliferation
throughout the body
MALT(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues)
prevents pathogens from penetrating mucous membrane and site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
through out small and large intestine
peyers patches
monitors intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines
in the mucous membrane lining the intestine
appendix
prevents bacteria from breaching intestinal wall and generates memory lymphocytes for long term immunity
lower right side of abdomen
tonsils
gather and remove many pathogens entering the larynx
in back of throat
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate
Constitutes first and second lines of defense
First line of defense: external body membranes (skin and mucosae)
– Second line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells (inhibit spread of invaders; inflammation most important mechanism)
internal defenses: phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial protein, fever
don't require activation
leukocytes involved: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and killer T cells
Adaptive
Third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances (takes longer to
react than innate)
Humoral immunity
B-cells
cellular immunity
T-cells
require activation
form memory cells to protect from future attacks
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens
Antigens: substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
– Can be a complete antigen or hapten (incomplete)
– Contain antigentic determinants
– Can be a self-antigen
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
dendric cells
Phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues, then enter lymphatics to present
antigens to T cells in lymph node
macrophages
Present antigens to T cells, which not only activates T cell, but also further activates macrophage
B-cells
Present antigens to helper T cell to assist their own activation
Antibodies
Antibodies—also called Immunoglobulins (Igs)—are proteins secreted by plasma cells
Five major classes: IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE
Antibodies do not destroy antigens; they inactivate and tag them
Form antigen-antibody (immune) complexes
Antigen-antibody complexes do not destroy antigens; they prepare them for destruction by innate defenses
Overall T- or Y-shaped antibody monomer consists of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Immunodeficiency
: congenital or acquired conditions that impair function or production of immune cells or molecules
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome:
genetic defect with marked deficit in B and T cells
treatment bone-marrow transplant
Hodgkin’s disease
is an acquired immunodeficiency that causes cancer of B cells, which depresses lymph node cells and thus leads to immunodeficiency
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS
)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cripples immune system by interfering with activity of helper T cells
HIV is transmitted via body fluids: blood, semen, and vaginal secretions
HIV destroys TH cells, thereby depressing cellular immunity (no cure)
Autoimmune disease
results when immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign
Treatment: Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids
ex: Rheumatoid arthritis, graves disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Glomerulonephritis, type 1 diabetes
Hypersensitivities
: immune responses to perceived (otherwise harmless) threat that cause
tissue damage
Systemic response is anaphylactic shock
Treatment: epinephrine
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Macrophages
swallow bacteria and digest them call neutrophil to help
basophil
type of phagocyte immune cell that has granules inflammation causes the release of histamine
B-cell : type of white blood cell that develops in bone marrow and makes antibodies
Memory B-cell: cells that are long lived and rember past antigen exposure
Plasma B Cell: releases antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph, where they bind to and neutralize or destroy antigens
cytokines: controls growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells
dendrite cell: boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system
eosinophils: fight infection and cause inflamation
Natural Killer Cells: primary effector cell of innate immunity: kill infected cells
T Cells: type of white blood cell: mature in thymus and differentiate in helper, memory and regulatory T cell
Cytotoxic cells: directly attack and kill other cells
memory cells: recognize foreign particles they were previously exposed to
Helper T cells: help activate B cells, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
Regulatory T cells: Important in preventing autoimmune reactions
Mast Cell: release histamine and help to get rid of antigens
monocyte: large white blood cells that engulf and digest debris and antigens; become macrophages
neutrophils: kills pathogens by ingesting them
phagocyte: circulate and migrate through tissues to ingest and destroy both microbes and cellular debris.