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PUBLIC WORKS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Before building a dam, future environmental impact should be estimated and some fundamental concerns should be considered
        
        -the permeability of the soil
        -landslide risks and slope stability
  - - - made of stone or concrete bloks and held in place by Earth's gravity
    - - used at beginning of the Industrial Revolution, they can be built quikly but have a limited lifetime and height and need constant maintenance
    - - whose outside layer is made of concrete
    - - wich are curved so that the weight of water pushes against the sides of the canyon and not against the wall of the dam
- - - - The Ancient Romans were great road builders. They used stone and gravel and included gutters for drainage
        
        Around the 18th century a great number of roads were built in the Arab Empire
        
        During the Industrial Revolution modern road building started
- - - - In the future, architects will have to consider a series of important aspects, such as creating increasingly friendly, comfortable, stimulating buildings, with spaces such as gyms, laboratories and green areas.
- - - - There are six main types of bridges:
        
        -Beam Bridges: made of wood or metal. In this kind of bridge horizontal beams are supported at each end by abutments.
        
        In Cantilever Bridges horizontal beams are supported only at the end
        
        In Arch Bridges there are abutments at each end
        
        Suspension Bridges are suspended from cables hanging from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. Cable-Stayed Bridges need less cable than suspension bridges and the towers holding the cables are shorter
        
        In Double-Decker Bridges there are two levels. Thanks to trouss work between the roadway levels, the movement of the upper level is limited, whereas the roadways are rigid.
        
        A Movable Bridges can usually move out of the way thanks to an electrically-powered system
- - - - A traditional auditorium has a U shape and the audience capacity depends on the lenght of its sides. Balconies are located around the auditorium and boxes are situated nearer the stage
      - The orchestra players are seated below the audience to avoid too much interference with the singing voices
      - In a major opera house, the dressing room facilities must be big enough to accomodate all the musicians, actors, choir members and dancers involved in the performance
      - A major opera house must also be equipped with mechanised stages, stage machinery, modern lighting and acoustic enhanccement.
        
        In recent buildings, if the opera is presented in a different language from the mother tongue of the audience, translated subtitles are projected over or near the stage.