PUBLIC WORKS
BRIDGES
HOSPITALS
AIRPORTS
TUNNELS
SCHOOLS
GARDENS AND PARKS
DAMS
RAILWAY STATIONS
ROADS
OPERA HOUSES
They are used both for pedestrian and vehicular traffic
The first pathways were created by humans followed by animals
The first stone and brick-paved roads were The Middle East and India between 4000 and 3000 BC.
The Ancient Romans were great road builders. They used stone and gravel and included gutters for drainage
Around the 18th century a great number of roads were built in the Arab Empire
During the Industrial Revolution modern road building started
The first stages in road building are: -planning -designing -approval of the project
Construction can start by removing earth, rock and vegetation. The road surface is laid using a great quantity of building equipment
Modern roads are built with smooth layers of tar or asphalt, over concrete or macadam.
They are theatre buildings designed for opera performances.
An opera house is made up of different parts: - a stage; -an orchestra pit; -audience seating; -backstage facilities.
A traditional auditorium has a U shape and the audience capacity depends on the lenght of its sides. Balconies are located around the auditorium and boxes are situated nearer the stage
The orchestra players are seated below the audience to avoid too much interference with the singing voices
In a major opera house, the dressing room facilities must be big enough to accomodate all the musicians, actors, choir members and dancers involved in the performance
A major opera house must also be equipped with mechanised stages, stage machinery, modern lighting and acoustic enhanccement.
In recent buildings, if the opera is presented in a different language from the mother tongue of the audience, translated subtitles are projected over or near the stage.
A bridge is built to allow road, paths, railways overhead power lines and gas to pass over physical obstacles such as valleys, rivers and roads
The first bridges were probably fallen tree trunks. The first great bridge builders were the Ancient Romans
The design of a bridge depends on its purpose, the kind of ground it is built on and the material used to build it
There are six main types of bridges:
-Beam Bridges: made of wood or metal. In this kind of bridge horizontal beams are supported at each end by abutments.
In Cantilever Bridges horizontal beams are supported only at the end
In Arch Bridges there are abutments at each end
Suspension Bridges are suspended from cables hanging from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. Cable-Stayed Bridges need less cable than suspension bridges and the towers holding the cables are shorter
In Double-Decker Bridges there are two levels. Thanks to trouss work between the roadway levels, the movement of the upper level is limited, whereas the roadways are rigid.
A Movable Bridges can usually move out of the way thanks to an electrically-powered system
They are barriers, usually built across a riveror a stream, to control and retain its water
A dams is built:
-to create reservoir
-to create man-made lake
-to store water
-to harness water power
-to create electricity
-to prevent flooding for aesthetic or recreational purposes
Before building a dam, future environmental impact should be estimated and some fundamental concerns should be considered
-the permeability of the soil
-landslide risks and slope stability
Types of dams
Gravity dams
Timber dams
Arch dams
Embankment dams
They are classified according to their size:
large dams over 15 metres high major dams over 150 metres
During the 19th century the first to understand the importance of education were the British and Prussians.
School building gradually changed afer World War I and II.
Educational theories shifted form strong discipline to encouragement in learning and liberal egalitarian programmes. Consequently, school design changed too.
New schools are places full of light, with multivalent spaces.
In the future, architects will have to consider a series of important aspects, such as creating increasingly friendly, comfortable, stimulating buildings, with spaces such as gyms, laboratories and green areas.
used at beginning of the Industrial Revolution, they can be built quikly but have a limited lifetime and height and need constant maintenance
made of stone or concrete bloks and held in place by Earth's gravity
wich are curved so that the weight of water pushes against the sides of the canyon and not against the wall of the dam
whose outside layer is made of concrete
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