PUBBLIC WORKS
AIRPORTS
BRIDGES
HOSPITAL
OPERA HOUSE
ROADS
DAMS
They are used both for pedestrian and vehicular traffic. :
The first pathways were created by humans followed by animals
the first stone and brick-paved roads were created in the Middle East and India between 4000 and 3000 BC
The Ancient Romans were great road builders.The used stone and gravel and included gutters for drainage.
Around the 18th century a great number of roads were bult in the Arab Empire.
During started
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they are used both for pedestrian and vehicular traffic
Costruction can start by romoving earth, rock and vegetation, then road surface is laid using a great quantity of building equipment
the first stages in road building are: -PLANNING -DESIGNING -APPROVAL of the project
modern roads are built with smooth layers of tar or asphalt,over concreate or macadam
They are theatre buildings designed for opera performances
An opera house is made up of different parts: - a stage ; -an orchestra pit - audience seating -backstage facilities
in a major opera house, the dressing room facilietes must be big enough to accomodale all the muscians, actors, choir members and dancers involved in the perfomance
The orchestra players are seated below the audience to avoid too much interference with the singing voices.
in a major opera, the dressing room facilities must be big enough to accomodate all the musicians,actors,choir members and dancers involved in the performance.
a major opera house, most also be equipped with mechanised stages, stage machinery, modern lighting and acoustic enhancement
in recent buildings, if the opera is presentated in a different language from the mother tongue of the audience, translated subtitles are projected over or near the stage.
A bridge is built to allow roads, paths, railways overthead power lines and gas to pass over physical obstacles such as valleys, rivers and roads.
The first bridges were probably fallen tree trunks. The first great bridge bbuilders were the Ancient Romans
The design of a bridge depens on its purpose, the kind of ground it is built on and the material used to build it.
there are six main types of bridges:
BREAM BRIDGES: made of wood or metal. In this kind of bridge horizontal beams are supported at eatch end by abutments
in CANTILEVER BRIDGES horizontal beams are supported only at the end
SUSPENSION BRIDGES are suspended from cables hanging from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. CABLE STAYED BRIDGES: need less cable than suspension bridges and the towers holding the cables are shorter
They are barries, usually built across a riveror a stream,to control and retain its water
A dams is built:
-to create reservoir
-to create man-made lake
-to store water
-to harness water power
-to create electricity
to provent flooding for aesthetic or recreational purposes
*before building a dam, future environmental impact should be estimated and some fundamental concernes should be considered
-The permeability of the soil
-lanslide risks and slope stability
They are classified according to their size:
large dams over 15 metres high major dams over 150 metres
SCHOOLS
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During the 19th century the first to understand the importance of education ere the British and the Prussians. School building gradually changed after World War i and II
Educational theories shifted from strong disclipine to encourgament in learming and liberal egaliterian programmes. Consequently, school design changhed too.
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